9
Practical Realization of 
Ms: From Circuits to Chips
In addition to the circuits described in Chapter 8, additional circuitry is needed to complete a 
M chip implementation. These additional or auxiliary circuits cover the generation of clock phases, common‐mode voltage and bias currents, issues which are described in Section 9.1. The second part of the chapter deals with some of the most important design issues related to the layout (Section 9.2], chip prototyping (Section 9.3], and experimental verification (Section 9.4] of high‐performance 
M ICs.
The chapter concludes with Section 9.5, which includes some examples of 
Ms, considering both SC and CT circuit realizations, and covering different conversion regions of the resolution‐versus‐speed plane. The circuits described here are presented as case studies on the fundamentals and methods presented in earlier chapters, putting the emphasis on those design aspects that are critical for a particular application. The design criteria, modulator topologies, circuit limitations, and so on can be very different in
ADCs intended ...
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