17.1 Characteristics of Systems of Systems17.2 Sample Systems of Systems17.2.1 The Garage Door Controller (Directed)17.2.2 Air Traffic Management System (Acknowledged)17.2.3 The GVSU Snow Emergency System (Collaborative)17.2.4 The Rock Solid Federal Credit Union (Virtual)17.3 Software Engineering for Systems of Systems17.3.1 Requirements Elicitation17.3.2 Specification with a Dialect of UML: SysML17.3.2.1 Air Traffic Management System Classes17.3.2.2 Air Traffic Management System Use Cases and Sequence Diagrams17.3.3 Testing17.4 Communication Primitives for Systems of Systems17.4.1 ESML Prompts as Petri Nets17.4.1.1 Petri Net Conflict17.4.1.2 Petri Net Interlock17.4.1.3 Enable, Disable, and Activate17.4.1.4 Trigger17.4.1.5 Suspend and Resume17.4.2 New Prompts as Swim Lane Petri Nets17.4.2.1 Request17.4.2.2 Accept17.4.2.3 Reject17.4.2.4 Postpone17.4.2.5 Swim Lane Description of the November 1993 Incident17.5 Effect of Systems of Systems Levels on Prompts17.5.1 Directed and Acknowledged Systems of Systems17.5.2 Collaborative and Virtual Systems of SystemsReferences