2.1 Statistical Science2.2 Big Data2.3 Data Science2.4 Example: Hospital Errors2.5 Experiment2.6 Designing an Experiment2.7 The Data2.8 Variables and Their Flavors2.9 Python: Data Structures and Operations2.10 Are We Sure We Made a Difference?2.11 Is Chance Responsible? The Foundation of Hypothesis Testing2.12 Probability2.13 Significance or Alpha Level2.14 Other Kinds of Studies2.15 When to Use Hypothesis Tests2.16 Experiments Falling Short of the Gold Standard2.17 Summary2.18 Python: Iterations and Conditional Execution2.19 Python: Numpy, scipy, and pandas—The Workhorses of Data ScienceExercisesNotes