9 Constructing Response Scales
9.1 Overview
In Chapter 8, we considered rating items (including Likert items) as a type of closed-ended survey item because they have the structure of a survey item, which comprises the stem (or lead question) joined with a set of response or rating options. Rating items are constructed based on a scaling method, the Likert scaling method. As the first of the two goals of this chapter, we describe the Likert scaling method and three other well-known scaling methods (Thurstone, Guttman, and Semantic Differential) as a way to provide some historical background on how Likert scaling was viewed before and after it came to be the dominant method of quantifying attributes or constructs ...
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