book

The GNU Make Book

Name: The GNU Make Book
Author: John Graham-Cumming
ISBN: 9781593276492

by John Graham-Cumming

April 2015

Intermediate to advanced

256 pages

5h 49m

English

No Starch Press

Read now

Unlock full access

The GNU Make Book
About the Author
About the Technical Reviewer
Preface
1. The Basics Revisited
Getting Environment Variables into GNU makeSetting Variables from Outside the MakefileThe Environment Used by CommandsThe $(shell) EnvironmentTarget-Specific and Pattern-Specific VariablesTarget-Specific VariablesPattern-Specific VariablesVersion CheckingMAKE_VERSION.FEATURESDetecting $(eval)Using Boolean ValuesUndefined Variables in ConditionalsConsistent Truth ValuesLogical Operations Using Boolean ValuesUser-Defined Logical OperatorsBuilt-in Logical Operators (GNU make 3.81 and Later)Command DetectionDelayed Variable AssignmentSimple List ManipulationUser-Defined FunctionsThe BasicsArgument-Handling GotchasCalling Built-in FunctionsRecent GNU make Versions: 3.81, 3.82, and 4.0What’s New in GNU make 3.81.SECONDEXPANSIONelseThe -L Command Line Option.INCLUDE_DIRS.FEATURES.DEFAULT_GOALMAKE_RESTARTSNew FunctionsWhat’s New in GNU make 3.82Backward IncompatibilitiesNew Command Line Option: --evalNew Special Variables: .RECIPEPREFIX and .SHELLFLAGSThe .ONESHELL TargetChanging Variables with the private and undefine KeywordsWhat’s New in GNU make 4.0GNU GuileLoading Dynamic ObjectsSyncing Output with --output-syncThe --trace Command Line OptionNew Assignment Operators: != and ::=The $(file) FunctionWhat’s New in GNU make 4.1
2. Makefile Debugging
Printing the Value of a Makefile VariableDumping Every Makefile VariableTracing Variable ValuesTracing Variable UseHow the Variable Tracer WorksTracing Rule ExecutionAn ExampleThe SHELL HackAn Even Smarter SHELL HackGNU make 4.0 TracingMakefile Assertionsassertassert_existsassert_target_directoryAn Interactive GNU make DebuggerThe Debugger in ActionBreakpoints in PatternsBreakpoints in MakefilesDebugger InternalsDynamic Breakpoints in the GNU make DebuggerDynamic Breakpoints in ActionThe Easy PartThe TrickRocket ScienceAn Introduction to remakeJust Print and TraceDebuggingTargets, Macro Values, and Expansion
3. Building and Rebuilding
Rebuilding When CPPFLAGS ChangesAn Example MakefileChanging Our Example MakefileHow Signature WorksLimitationsRebuilding When a File’s Checksum ChangesAn Example MakefileDigesting File ContentsThe Modified MakefileThe Hack in ActionImproving the CodeAutomatic Dependency GenerationAn Example Makefilemakedepend and make dependAutomating makedepend and Removing make dependMaking Deleted Files Disappear from DependenciesDoing Away with makedependUsing gcc -MPAtomic Rules in GNU makeWhat Not to DoUsing Pattern RulesUsing a Sentinel FilePainless Non-recursive makeA Simple Recursive MakeA Flexible Non-recursive make SystemUsing the Non-recursive make SystemWhat About Submodules?
4. Pitfalls and Problems
GNU make Gotcha: ifndef and ?=What ?= DoesWhat ifndef Does$(shell) and := Go Together$(shell) ExplainedThe Difference Between = and :=The Hidden Cost of =$(eval) and Variable CachingAbout $(eval)An $(eval) Side EffectCaching Variable ValuesSpeed Improvements with CachingA Caching FunctionWrapping UpThe Trouble with Hidden TargetsAn Unexpected Error if the Hidden Target Is MissingThe -n Option FailsYou Can’t Parallelize makemake Does the Wrong Work if the Hidden Target Is UpdatedYou Can’t Direct make to Build foo.oGNU make’s Escaping RulesDealing with $Playing with %Wildcards and PathsContinuationsCommentsI Just Want a Newline!Function Arguments: Spaces and CommasThe Twilight ZoneThe Trouble with $(wildcard)$(wildcard) ExplainedUnexpected ResultsUnexpected Results ExplainedMaking DirectoriesAn Example MakefileWhat Not to DoSolution 1: Build the Directory When the Makefile Is ParsedSolution 2: Build the Directory When all Is BuiltSolution 3: Use a Directory Marker FileSolution 4: Use an Order-Only Prerequisite to Build the DirectorySolution 5: Use Pattern Rules, Second Expansion, and a Marker FileSolution 6: Make the Directory in LineGNU make Meets Filenames with SpacesAn Example MakefileEscape Spaces with \Turn Spaces into Question MarksMy AdvicePath HandlingTarget Name MatchingWorking with Path ListsLists of Paths in VPATH and vpathUsing / or \Windows Oddity: Case Insensitive but Case PreservingBuilt-in Path Functions and VariablesUseful Functions in 3.81: abspath and realpathUsman’s LawThe Human FactorPoor NamingSilent FailureRecursive CleanPitfalls and Benefits of GNU make ParallelizationUsing -j (or -jobs)Missing DependenciesThe Hidden Temporary File ProblemThe Right Way to Do Recursive makeAmdahl’s Law and the Limits of ParallelizationMaking $(wildcard) RecursiveWhich Makefile Am I In?
5. Pushing the Envelope
Doing ArithmeticAddition and SubtractionMultiplication and DivisionUsing Our Arithmetic Library: A CalculatorMaking an XML Bill of MaterialsAn Example Makefile and BOMHow It WorksGotchasAdvanced User-Defined FunctionsGetting Started Modifying GNU makeAnatomy of a Built-In FunctionReverse a StringGNU make 4.0 Loadable ObjectsUsing Guile in GNU makeSelf-Documenting MakefilesDocumenting Makefiles with print-helpThe Complete help-system.mak
6. The GNU Make Standard Library
Importing the GMSLCalling a GMSL FunctionChecking the GMSL VersionExample Real-World GMSL UseCase-Insensitive ComparisonFinding a Program on the PathUsing Assertions to Check InputsIs DEBUG Set to Y?Is DEBUG Set to Y or N?Using Logical Operators in the PreprocessorRemoving Duplicates from a ListAutomatically Incrementing a Version NumberGMSL ReferenceLogical OperatorsnotandorxornandnorxnorInteger Arithmetic Functionsint_decodeint_encodeint_plusplusint_subtractsubtractint_multiplymultiplyint_dividedivideint_max and int_minmax and minint_incincint_decdecint_doubledoubleint_halvehalveInteger Comparison FunctionsMiscellaneous Integer Functionssequencedec2hex, dec2bin, and dec2octList Manipulation FunctionsApplying a Function to a List with mapMaking a reduce FunctionSumming a List of Numbers Using reduceMapping a Function Across a Pair of ListsfirstlastrestchopmappairmapleqlnereverseuniqlengthString Manipulation FunctionsSplitting CSV Data into a GNU make ListMaking a PATH from a List of DirectoriesTranslating Characters Using trseqsnestrelnsubstrsplitmergetruclcSet Manipulation Functionsset_createset_insertset_removeset_is_memberset_unionset_intersectionset_is_subsetset_equalAssociative ArrayssetgetkeysdefinedNamed Stackstraverse-treedump-treepushpoppeekdepthFunction MemoizationMiscellaneous and Debugging Facilitiesgmsl_compatiblegmsl-print-%assertassert_existsEnvironment Variables

A. Updates
Index
Copyright

Overview

GNU Make Book is a practical, thorough guide to GNU Make basics, solutions, and advanced uses.

Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
and much more.

Read now

Unlock full access

More than 5,000 organizations count on O’Reilly

O’Reilly covers everything we've got, with content to help us build a world-class technology community, upgrade the capabilities and competencies of our teams, and improve overall team performance as well as their engagement.

Julian F.

Head of Cybersecurity

I wanted to learn C and C++, but it didn't click for me until I picked up an O'Reilly book. When I went on the O’Reilly platform, I was astonished to find all the books there, plus live events and sandboxes so you could play around with the technology.

Addison B.

Field Engineer

I’ve been on the O’Reilly platform for more than eight years. I use a couple of learning platforms, but I'm on O'Reilly more than anybody else. When you're there, you start learning. I'm never disappointed.

Amir M.

Data Platform Tech Lead

I'm always learning. So when I got on to O'Reilly, I was like a kid in a candy store. There are playlists. There are answers. There's on-demand training. It's worth its weight in gold, in terms of what it allows me to do.

Mark W.

Embedded Software Engineer

Publisher Resources

ISBN: 9781457189883Errata Page

Cloud Computing

Data Engineering

Data Science

AI & ML

Programming Languages

Software Architecture

IT/Ops

Security

Design

Business

Soft Skills