book

The Java® Tutorial: A Short Course on the Basics, 6th Edition

Name: The Java® Tutorial: A Short Course on the Basics, 6th Edition
ISBN: 9780134034706

by Raymond Gallardo, Scott Hommel, Sowmya Kannan, Joni Gordon, Sharon Biocca Zakhour

December 2014

Beginner

864 pages

24h 5m

English

Addison-Wesley Professional

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About This eBook
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Who Should Read This Book?How to Use This BookAcknowledgments
About the Authors
1. Getting Started
The Java Technology PhenomenonThe Java Programming LanguageThe Java PlatformWhat Can Java Technology Do?How Will Java Technology Change My Life?The “Hello World!” Application“Hello World!” for the NetBeans IDE“Hello World!” for Microsoft Windows“Hello World!” for Solaris and LinuxA Closer Look at the “Hello World!” ApplicationSource Code CommentsThe HelloWorldApp Class DefinitionThe main MethodCommon Problems (and Their Solutions)Compiler ProblemsRuntime ProblemsQuestions and Exercises: Getting StartedQuestionsExercisesAnswers
2. Object-Oriented Programming Concepts
What Is an Object?What Is a Class?What Is Inheritance?What Is an Interface?What Is a Package?Questions and Exercises: Object-Oriented Programming ConceptsQuestionsExercisesAnswers
3. Language Basics
VariablesNamingPrimitive Data TypesArraysSummary of VariablesQuestions and Exercises: VariablesOperatorsAssignment, Arithmetic, and Unary OperatorsEquality, Relational, and Conditional OperatorsBitwise and Bit Shift OperatorsSummary of OperatorsQuestions and Exercises: OperatorsExpressions, Statements, and BlocksExpressionsStatementsBlocksQuestions and Exercises: Expressions, Statements, and BlocksControl Flow StatementsThe if-then and if-then-else StatementsThe switch StatementThe while and do-while StatementsThe for StatementBranching StatementsSummary of Control Flow StatementsQuestions and Exercises: Control Flow Statements
4. Classes and Objects
ClassesDeclaring ClassesDeclaring Member VariablesDefining MethodsProviding Constructors for Your ClassesPassing Information to a Method or a ConstructorObjectsCreating ObjectsUsing ObjectsMore on ClassesReturning a Value from a MethodUsing the this KeywordControlling Access to Members of a ClassUnderstanding Class MembersInitializing FieldsSummary of Creating and Using Classes and ObjectsQuestions and Exercises: ClassesQuestions and Exercises: ObjectsNested ClassesWhy Use Nested Classes?Static Nested ClassesInner ClassesShadowingSerializationInner Class ExampleLocal and Anonymous ClassesModifiersLocal ClassesAnonymous ClassesLambda ExpressionsWhen to Use Nested Classes, Local Classes, Anonymous Classes, and Lambda ExpressionsQuestions and Exercises: Nested ClassesEnum TypesQuestions and Exercises: Enum Types
5. Annotations
Annotations BasicsThe Format of an AnnotationWhere Annotations Can Be UsedDeclaring an Annotation TypePredefined Annotation TypesAnnotation Types Used by the Java LanguageAnnotations That Apply to Other AnnotationsType Annotations and Pluggable Type SystemsRepeating AnnotationsStep 1: Declare a Repeatable Annotation TypeStep 2: Declare the Containing Annotation TypeRetrieving AnnotationsDesign ConsiderationsQuestions and Exercises: AnnotationsQuestionsExerciseAnswers

6. Interfaces and Inheritance
InterfacesInterfaces in JavaInterfaces as APIsDefining an InterfaceImplementing an InterfaceUsing an Interface as a TypeEvolving InterfacesDefault MethodsSummary of InterfacesQuestions and Exercises: InterfacesInheritanceThe Java Platform Class HierarchyAn Example of InheritanceWhat You Can Do in a SubclassPrivate Members in a SuperclassCasting ObjectsMultiple Inheritance of State, Implementation, and TypeOverriding and Hiding MethodsPolymorphismHiding FieldsUsing the Keyword superObject as a SuperclassWriting Final Classes and MethodsAbstract Methods and ClassesSummary of InheritanceQuestions and Exercises: Inheritance
7. Generics
Why Use Generics?Generic TypesA Simple Box ClassA Generic Version of the Box ClassType Parameter Naming ConventionsInvoking and Instantiating a Generic TypeThe DiamondMultiple Type ParametersParameterized TypesRaw TypesGeneric MethodsBounded Type ParametersMultiple BoundsGeneric Methods and Bounded Type ParametersGenerics, Inheritance, and SubtypesGeneric Classes and SubtypingType InferenceType Inference and Generic MethodsType Inference and Instantiation of Generic ClassesType Inference and Generic Constructors of Generic and Nongeneric ClassesTarget TypesWildcardsUpper-Bounded WildcardsUnbounded WildcardsLower-Bounded WildcardsWildcards and SubtypingWildcard Capture and Helper MethodsGuidelines for Wildcard UseType ErasureErasure of Generic TypesErasure of Generic MethodsEffects of Type Erasure and Bridge MethodsNonreifiable Types and Varargs MethodsRestrictions on GenericsCannot Instantiate Generic Types with Primitive TypesCannot Create Instances of Type ParametersCannot Declare Static Fields Whose Types Are Type ParametersCannot Use Casts or instanceof with Parameterized TypesCannot Create Arrays of Parameterized TypesCannot Create, Catch, or Throw Objects of Parameterized TypesCannot Overload a Method Where the Formal Parameter Types of Each Overload Erase to the Same Raw TypeQuestions and Exercises: GenericsAnswers
8. Packages
Creating and Using PackagesCreating a PackageNaming a PackageUsing Package MembersManaging Source and Class FilesSummary of Creating and Using PackagesQuestions and Exercises: Creating and Using PackagesQuestionsExercisesAnswers
9. Numbers and Strings
NumbersThe Numbers ClassesFormatting Numeric Print OutputBeyond Basic ArithmeticAutoboxing and UnboxingSummary of NumbersQuestions and Exercises: NumbersCharactersEscape SequencesStringsCreating StringsString LengthConcatenating StringsCreating Format StringsConverting between Numbers and StringsManipulating Characters in a StringComparing Strings and Portions of StringsThe StringBuilder ClassSummary of Characters and StringsQuestions and Exercises: Characters and Strings
10. Exceptions
What Is an Exception?The Catch or Specify RequirementThe Three Kinds of ExceptionsBypassing Catch or SpecifyCatching and Handling ExceptionsThe try BlockThe catch BlocksThe finally BlockThe try-with-resources StatementPutting It All TogetherSpecifying the Exceptions Thrown by a MethodHow to Throw ExceptionsThe throw StatementThrowable Class and Its SubclassesError ClassException ClassChained ExceptionsCreating Exception ClassesUnchecked Exceptions: The ControversyAdvantages of ExceptionsAdvantage 1: Separating Error-Handling Code from “Regular” CodeAdvantage 2: Propagating Errors Up the Call StackAdvantage 3: Grouping and Differentiating Error TypesSummaryQuestions and Exercises: ExceptionsQuestionsExercisesAnswers
11. Basic I/O and NIO.2
I/O StreamsByte StreamsCharacter StreamsBuffered StreamsScanning and FormattingI/O from the Command LineData StreamsObject StreamsFile I/O (Featuring NIO.2)What Is a Path? (And Other File System Facts)The Path ClassFile OperationsChecking a File or DirectoryDeleting a File or DirectoryCopying a File or DirectoryMoving a File or DirectoryManaging Metadata (File and File Store Attributes)Reading, Writing, and Creating FilesRandom Access FilesCreating and Reading DirectoriesLinks, Symbolic or OtherwiseWalking the File TreeFinding FilesWatching a Directory for ChangesOther Useful MethodsLegacy File I/O CodeSummaryQuestions and Exercises: Basic I/OQuestionsExercisesAnswers
12. Collections
Introduction to CollectionsWhat Is a Collections Framework?Benefits of the Java Collections FrameworkInterfacesThe Collection InterfaceTraversing CollectionsCollection Interface Bulk OperationsCollection Interface Array OperationsThe Set InterfaceThe List InterfaceThe Queue InterfaceThe Deque InterfaceThe Map InterfaceObject OrderingThe SortedSet InterfaceThe SortedMap InterfaceSummary of InterfacesQuestions and Exercises: InterfacesAggregate OperationsPipelines and StreamsDifferences between Aggregate Operations and IteratorsReductionParallelismSide EffectsQuestions and Exercises: Aggregate OperationsImplementationsSet ImplementationsList ImplementationsMap ImplementationsQueue ImplementationsDeque ImplementationsWrapper ImplementationsConvenience ImplementationsSummary of Implementations
Questions and Exercises: Implementations
AlgorithmsSortingShufflingRoutine Data ManipulationSearchingCompositionFinding Extreme ValuesCustom Collection ImplementationsReasons to Write an ImplementationHow to Write a Custom ImplementationInteroperabilityCompatibilityAPI Design
13. Concurrency
Processes and ThreadsProcessesThreadsThread ObjectsDefining and Starting a ThreadPausing Execution with SleepInterruptsJoinsThe SimpleThreads ExampleSynchronizationThread InterferenceMemory Consistency ErrorsSynchronized MethodsIntrinsic Locks and SynchronizationAtomic AccessLivenessDeadlockStarvation and LivelockGuarded BlocksImmutable ObjectsA Synchronized Class ExampleA Strategy for Defining Immutable ObjectsHigh-Level Concurrency ObjectsLock ObjectsExecutorsConcurrent CollectionsAtomic VariablesConcurrent Random NumbersQuestions and Exercises: ConcurrencyQuestionExercisesAnswers
14. Regular Expressions
IntroductionWhat Are Regular Expressions?How Are Regular Expressions Represented in This Package?Test HarnessString LiteralsMetacharactersCharacter ClassesSimple ClassesPredefined Character ClassesQuantifiersZero-Length MatchesCapturing Groups and Character Classes with QuantifiersDifferences among Greedy, Reluctant, and Possessive QuantifiersCapturing GroupsNumberingBackreferencesBoundary MatchersMethods of the Pattern ClassCreating a Pattern with FlagsEmbedded Flag ExpressionsUsing the matches(String,CharSequence) MethodUsing the split(String) MethodOther Utility MethodsPattern Method Equivalents in java.lang.StringMethods of the Matcher ClassIndex MethodsStudy MethodsReplacement MethodsUsing the start and end MethodsUsing the matches and lookingAt MethodsUsing replaceFirst(String) and replaceAll(String)Using appendReplacement(StringBuffer,String) and appendTail(StringBuffer)Matcher Method Equivalents in java.lang.StringMethods of the PatternSyntaxException ClassUnicode SupportMatching a Specific Code PointUnicode Character PropertiesQuestions and Exercises: Regular ExpressionsQuestionsExerciseAnswers
15. The Platform Environment
Configuration UtilitiesPropertiesCommand-Line ArgumentsEnvironment VariablesOther Configuration UtilitiesSystem UtilitiesCommand-Line I/O ObjectsSystem PropertiesThe Security ManagerMiscellaneous Methods in SystemPATH and CLASSPATHUpdate the PATH Environment Variable (Microsoft Windows)Update the PATH Variable (Solaris, Linux, and OS X)Checking the CLASSPATH Variable (All Platforms)Questions and Exercises: The Platform EnvironmentQuestionExerciseAnswers
16. Packaging Programs in JAR Files
Using JAR Files: The BasicsCreating a JAR FileViewing the Contents of a JAR FileExtracting the Contents of a JAR FileUpdating a JAR FileRunning JAR-Packaged SoftwareWorking with Manifest Files: The BasicsUnderstanding the Default ManifestModifying a Manifest FileSetting an Application’s Entry PointAdding Classes to the JAR File’s Class PathSetting Package Version InformationSealing Packages within a JAR FileEnhancing Security with Manifest AttributesSigning and Verifying JAR FilesUnderstanding Signing and VerificationSigning JAR FilesVerifying Signed JAR FilesUsing JAR-Related APIsAn Example: The JarRunner ApplicationThe JarClassLoader ClassThe JarRunner ClassQuestions and Exercises: Packaging Programs in JAR FilesQuestionsAnswers
17. Java Web Start
Additional ReferencesDeveloping a Java Web Start ApplicationCreating the Top JPanel ClassCreating the ApplicationBenefits of Separating Core Functionality from the Final Deployment MechanismRetrieving ResourcesDeploying a Java Web Start ApplicationSetting Up a Web ServerDisplaying a Customized Loading Progress IndicatorDeveloping a Customized Loading Progress IndicatorSpecifying a Customized Loading Progress Indicator for a Java Web Start ApplicationRunning a Java Web Start ApplicationRunning a Java Web Start Application from a BrowserRunning a Java Web Start Application from the Java Cache ViewerRunning a Java Web Start Application from the DesktopJava Web Start and SecurityDynamic Downloading of HTTPS CertificatesCommon Java Web Start Problems“My Browser Shows the Java Network Launch Protocol (JNLP) File for My Application as Plain Text”“When I Try to Launch My JNLP File, I Get the Following Error”Questions and Exercises: Java Web StartQuestionsExercisesAnswers
18. Applets
Getting Started with AppletsDefining an Applet SubclassMethods for MilestonesLife Cycle of an AppletApplet’s Execution EnvironmentDeveloping an AppletDeploying an AppletDoing More with AppletsFinding and Loading Data FilesDefining and Using Applet ParametersDisplaying Short Status StringsDisplaying Documents in the BrowserInvoking JavaScript Code from an AppletInvoking Applet Methods from JavaScript CodeHandling Initialization Status with Event HandlersManipulating DOM of Applet’s Web PageDisplaying a Customized Loading Progress IndicatorWriting Diagnostics to Standard Output and Error StreamsDeveloping Draggable AppletsCommunicating with Other AppletsWorking with a Server-Side ApplicationWhat Applets Can and Cannot DoSolving Common Applet Problems“My Applet Does Not Display”“The Java Console Log Displays java.lang.ClassNotFoundException”“I Was Able to Build the Code Once, but Now the Build Fails Even Though There Are No Compilation Errors”“When I Try to Load a Web Page That Has an Applet, My Browser Redirects Me to www.java.com without Any Warning”“I Fixed Some Bugs and Rebuilt My Applet’s Source Code. When I Reload the Applet’s Web Page, My Fixes Are Not Showing Up”Questions and Exercises: AppletsQuestionsExerciseAnswers
19. Doing More with Java Rich Internet Applications
Setting Trusted Arguments and Secure PropertiesSystem PropertiesJNLP APIAccessing the Client Using the JNLP APICookiesTypes of CookiesCookie Support in RIAsAccessing CookiesCustomizing the Loading ExperienceSecurity in Rich Internet ApplicationsGuidelines for Securing RIAsFollow Secure Coding GuidelinesTest with the Latest Version of the JREInclude Manifest AttributesUse a Signed JNLP FileSign and Time Stamp JAR FilesUse the HTTPS ProtocolAvoid Local RIAsQuestions and Exercises: Doing More with Rich Internet ApplicationsQuestionsExerciseAnswers
20. Deployment in Depth
User Acceptance of RIAsDeployment ToolkitLocation of Deployment Toolkit ScriptDeploying an AppletDeploying a Java Web Start ApplicationChecking the Client JRE Software VersionJava Network Launch ProtocolStructure of the JNLP FileDeployment Best PracticesReducing the Download TimeAvoiding Unnecessary Update ChecksEnsuring the Presence of the JRE SoftwareQuestions and Exercises: Deployment in DepthQuestionsExerciseAnswers
21. Date-Time
Date-Time OverviewDate-Time Design PrinciplesClearFluentImmutableExtensibleThe Date-Time PackagesMethod Naming ConventionsStandard CalendarOverviewDayOfWeek and Month EnumsDayOfWeekMonthDate ClassesLocalDateYearMonthMonthDayYearDate and Time ClassesLocalTimeLocalDateTimeTime Zone and Offset ClassesZoneId and ZoneOffsetThe Date-Time ClassesInstant ClassParsing and FormattingParsingFormattingThe Temporal PackageTemporal and TemporalAccessorChronoField and IsoFieldsChronoUnitTemporal AdjusterTemporal QueryPeriod and DurationDurationChronoUnitPeriodClockNon-ISO Date ConversionConverting to a Non-ISO-Based DateConverting to an ISO-Based DateLegacy Date-Time CodeInteroperability with Legacy CodeMapping java.util Date and Time Functionality to java.timeDate and Time FormattingSummaryQuestions and Exercises: Date-TimeQuestionsExercisesAnswers
22. Introduction to JavaFX
Appendix. Preparation for Java Programming Language Certification
Programmer Level I ExamSection 1: Java BasicsSection 2: Working with Java Data TypesSection 3: Using Operators and Decision ConstructsSection 4: Creating and Using ArraysSection 5: Using Loop ConstructsSection 6: Working with Methods and EncapsulationSection 7: Working with InheritanceSection 8: Handling ExceptionsSection 9: Working with Selected Classes from the Java APIProgrammer Level II ExamJava SE 8 Upgrade ExamSection 1: Lambda ExpressionsSection 2: Using Built-In Lambda TypesSection 3: Filtering Collections with LambdasSection 4: Collection Operations with LambdaSection 5: Parallel StreamsSection 6: Lambda CookbookSection 7: Method EnhancementsSection 8: Use Java SE 8 Date/Time APISection 9: JavaScript on Java with Nashorn
Index
Code Snippets

Content preview from The Java® Tutorial: A Short Course on the Basics, 6th Edition

7. Generics

Chapter Contents

Why Use Generics?

Generic Types

Generic Methods

Bounded Type Parameters

Generics, Inheritance, and Subtypes

Type Inference

Wildcards

Type Erasure

Restrictions on Generics

Questions and Exercises: Generics

In any nontrivial software project, bugs are simply a fact of life. Careful planning, programming, and testing can help reduce their pervasiveness, but somehow, somewhere, they’ll always find a way to creep into your code. This becomes especially apparent as new features are introduced and your code base grows in size and complexity.

Fortunately, some bugs are easier to detect than others. Compile-time bugs, for example, can be detected early on; you can use the compiler’s error messages to figure out what the ...

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The Java® Tutorial: A Short Course on the Basics, 6th Edition

by Raymond Gallardo, Scott Hommel, Sowmya Kannan, Joni Gordon, Sharon Biocca Zakhour

7. Generics

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