book

The Java™ Tutorial Fourth Edition: A Short Course on the Basics

Name: The Java™ Tutorial Fourth Edition: A Short Course on the Basics
ISBN: 0321334205

by Sharon Zakhour, Scott Hommel, Jacob Royal, Isaac Rabinovitch, Tom Risser, Mark Hoeber

September 2006

Beginner

672 pages

13h 14m

English

Addison-Wesley Professional

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Copyright
The Java™ Series
Foreword
Preface
Who Should Read This Book?How to Use This BookAcknowledgmentsAbout the Authors
1. Getting Started
The Java Technology PhenomenonAbout the Java TechnologyThe Java Programming LanguageThe Java PlatformWhat Can Java Technology Do?How Will Java Technology Change My Life?The “Hello World!” Application“Hello World!” for the NetBeans IDEA ChecklistCreating Your First ApplicationCreate an IDE ProjectAdd Code to the Generated Source FileCompile the Source File into a .class FileRun the ProgramContinuing the Tutorial with the NetBeans IDE“Hello World!” for Microsoft WindowsA ChecklistCreating Your First ApplicationCreate a Source FileCompile the Source File into a .class FileRun the Program“Hello World!” for Solaris OS and LinuxA ChecklistCreating Your First ApplicationCreate a Source FileCompile the Source File into a .class FileRun the ProgramA Closer Look at the “Hello World!” ApplicationSource Code CommentsThe HelloWorldApp Class DefinitionThe main MethodCommon Problems (and Their Solutions)Compiler ProblemsCommon Error Messages on Microsoft Windows SystemsCommon Error Messages on UNIX SystemsSyntax Errors (All Platforms)Semantic ErrorsRuntime ProblemsError Messages on Microsoft Windows SystemsError Messages on UNIX SystemsThe main Method Is Not DefinedQuestions and Exercises: Getting StartedQuestionsExercisesAnswers
2. Object-Oriented Programming Concepts
What Is an Object?What Is a Class?What Is Inheritance?What Is an Interface?What Is a Package?Questions and Exercises: Object-Oriented Programming ConceptsQuestionsExercisesAnswers
3. Language Basics
VariablesNamingPrimitive Data TypesDefault ValuesLiteralsArraysDeclaring a Variable to Refer to an ArrayCreating, Initializing, and Accessing an ArrayCopying ArraysSummary of VariablesQuestions and Exercises: VariablesQuestionsExercisesAnswersOperatorsAssignment, Arithmetic, and Unary OperatorsThe Simple Assignment OperatorThe Arithmetic OperatorsThe Unary OperatorsEquality, Relational, and Conditional OperatorsThe Equality and Relational OperatorsThe Conditional OperatorsThe Type Comparison Operator instanceofBitwise and Bit Shift OperatorsSummary of OperatorsQuestions and Exercises: OperatorsQuestionsExercisesAnswersExpressions, Statements, and BlocksExpressionsStatementsBlocksQuestions and Exercises: Expressions, Statements, and BlocksQuestionsExercisesAnswersControl Flow StatementsThe if-then and if-then-else StatementsThe if-then StatementThe if-then-else StatementThe switch StatementThe while and do-while StatementsThe for StatementBranching StatementsThe break StatementThe continue StatementThe return StatementSummary of Control Flow StatementsQuestions and Exercises: Control Flow StatementsQuestionsExercisesAnswers
4. Classes and Objects
ClassesDeclaring ClassesDeclaring Member VariablesAccess ModifiersTypesVariable NamesDefining MethodsNaming a MethodOverloading MethodsProviding Constructors for Your ClassesPassing Information to a Method or a ConstructorParameter TypesArbitrary Number of ArgumentsParameter NamesPassing Primitive Data Type ArgumentsPassing Reference Data Type ArgumentsObjectsCreating ObjectsDeclaring a Variable to Refer to an ObjectInstantiating a ClassInitializing an ObjectUsing ObjectsReferencing an Object’s FieldsInvoking an Object’s MethodsThe Garbage CollectorMore on ClassesReturning a Value from a MethodReturning a Class or InterfaceUsing the this KeywordUsing this with a FieldUsing this with a ConstructorControlling Access to Members of a ClassUnderstanding Instance and Class MembersClass VariablesClass MethodsConstantsThe Bicycle ClassInitializing FieldsStatic Initialization BlocksInitializing Instance MembersSummary of Creating and Using Classes and ObjectsQuestions and Exercises: ClassesQuestionsExercisesAnswersQuestions and Exercises: ObjectsQuestionsExercisesAnswersNested ClassesWhy Use Nested Classes?Static Nested ClassesInner ClassesInner Class ExampleLocal and Anonymous Inner ClassesModifiersSummary of Nested ClassesQuestions and Exercises: Nested ClassesQuestionsExercisesAnswersEnum TypesQuestions and Exercises: Enum TypesExercisesAnswersAnnotationsDocumentationAnnotations Used by the CompilerAnnotation ProcessingQuestions and Exercises: AnnotationsQuestionsAnswers
5. Interfaces and Inheritance
InterfacesInterfaces in JavaInterfaces as APIsInterfaces and Multiple InheritanceDefining an InterfaceThe Interface BodyImplementing an InterfaceA Sample Interface, RelatableImplementing the Relatable InterfaceUsing an Interface as a TypeRewriting InterfacesSummary of InterfacesQuestions and Exercises: InterfacesQuestionsExercisesAnswersInheritanceThe Java Platform Class HierarchyAn Example of InheritanceWhat You Can Do in a SubclassPrivate Members in a SuperclassCasting ObjectsOverriding and Hiding MethodsInstance MethodsClass MethodsModifiersSummaryHiding FieldsUsing the Keyword superAccessing Superclass MembersSubclass ConstructorsObject as a SuperclassThe clone() MethodThe equals() MethodThe finalize() MethodThe getClass() MethodThe hashCode() MethodThe toString() MethodWriting Final Classes and MethodsAbstract Methods and ClassesAbstract Classes versus InterfacesAn Abstract Class ExampleWhen an Abstract Class Implements an InterfaceClass MembersSummary of InheritanceQuestions and Exercises: InheritanceQuestionsExercisesAnswers
6. Generics
IntroductionA Simple Box ClassGeneric TypesType Parameter ConventionsGeneric Methods and ConstructorsBounded Type ParametersSubtypingWildcardsType ErasureSummary of GenericsQuestions and Exercises: GenericsQuestionsExercisesAnswers

7. Packages
Creating and Using PackagesCreating a PackageNaming a PackageNaming ConventionsUsing Package MembersReferring to a Package Member by its Qualified NameImporting a Package MemberImporting an Entire PackageApparent Hierarchies of PackagesName AmbiguitiesThe Static Import StatementManaging Source and Class FilesSetting the CLASSPATH System VariableSummary of Creating and Using PackagesQuestions and Exercises: Creating and Using PackagesQuestionsExercisesAnswers
8. Numbers and Strings
NumbersThe Numbers ClassesFormatting Numeric Print OutputThe printf() and format() MethodsAn ExampleThe DecimalFormat ClassBeyond Basic ArithmeticConstants and Basic MethodsExponential and Logarithmic MethodsTrigonometric MethodsRandom NumbersSummary of NumbersQuestions and Exercises: NumbersQuestionsExercisesAnswersCharactersEscape SequencesStringsCreating StringsString LengthConcatenating StringsCreating Format StringsConverting Between Numbers and StringsConverting Strings to NumbersConverting Numbers to StringsManipulating Characters in a StringGetting Characters and Substrings by IndexOther Methods for Manipulating StringsSearching for Characters and Substrings in a StringReplacing Characters and Substrings into a StringAn ExampleComparing Strings and Portions of StringsThe StringBuilder ClassLength and CapacityStringBuilder OperationsAn ExampleSummary of Characters and StringsQuestions and Exercises: Characters and StringsQuestionsExercisesAnswers
9. Exceptions
What Is an Exception?The Catch or Specify RequirementThe Three Kinds of ExceptionsBypassing Catch or SpecifyCatching and Handling ExceptionsThe try BlockThe catch BlocksThe finally BlockPutting It All TogetherScenario 1: An Exception OccursScenario 2: The try Block Exits NormallySpecifying the Exceptions Thrown by a MethodHow to Throw ExceptionsThe throw StatementThrowable Class and Its SubclassesError ClassException ClassChained ExceptionsAccessing Stack Trace InformationLogging APICreating Exception ClassesAn ExampleChoosing a SuperclassUnchecked Exceptions—The ControversyAdvantages of ExceptionsAdvantage 1: Separating Error-Handling Code from “Regular” CodeAdvantage 2: Propagating Errors Up the Call StackAdvantage 3: Grouping and Differentiating Error TypesSummaryQuestions and Exercises: ExceptionsQuestionsExercisesAnswers
10. Basic I/O
I/O StreamsByte StreamsUsing Byte StreamsAlways Close StreamsWhen Not to Use Byte StreamsCharacter StreamsUsing Character StreamsCharacter Streams That Use Byte StreamsLine-Oriented I/OBuffered StreamsFlushing Buffered StreamsScanning and FormattingScanningBreaking Input into TokensTranslating Individual TokensFormattingThe print and println MethodsThe format MethodI/O from the Command LineStandard StreamsThe ConsolereadPasswordData StreamsObject StreamsOutput and Input of Complex ObjectsFile I/OFile ObjectsA File Has Many NamesManipulating FilesWorking with DirectoriesStatic MethodsRandom Access FilesThe New I/O PackagesSummaryQuestions and Exercises: Basic I/OQuestionsExercisesAnswers
11. Collections
Introduction to CollectionsWhat Is a Collections Framework?Benefits of the Java Collections FrameworkReduces Programming EffortIncreases Program Speed and QualityAllows Interoperability among Unrelated APIsReduces Effort to Learn and to Use New APIsReduces Effort to Design New APIsFosters Software ReuseInterfacesThe Collection InterfaceTraversing Collectionsfor-each ConstructIteratorsCollection Interface Bulk OperationsCollection Interface Array OperationsThe Set InterfaceSet Interface Basic OperationsSet Interface Bulk OperationsSet Interface Array OperationsThe List InterfaceComparison to VectorCollection OperationsPositional Access and Search OperationsIteratorsRange-View OperationList AlgorithmsThe Queue InterfaceThe Map InterfaceComparison to HashtableMap Interface Basic OperationsMap Interface Bulk OperationsCollection ViewsFancy Uses of Collection Views: Map AlgebraMultimapsObject OrderingWriting Your Own Comparable TypesComparatorsThe SortedSet InterfaceSet OperationsStandard ConstructorsRange-view OperationsEndpoint OperationsComparator AccessorThe SortedMap InterfaceMap OperationsStandard ConstructorsComparison to SortedSetSummary of InterfacesQuestions and Exercises: InterfacesQuestionsExercisesAnswersImplementationsSet ImplementationsGeneral-Purpose Set ImplementationsSpecial-Purpose Set ImplementationsList ImplementationsGeneral-Purpose List ImplementationsSpecial-Purpose List ImplementationsMap ImplementationsGeneral-Purpose Map ImplementationsSpecial-Purpose Map ImplementationsConcurrent Map ImplementationsQueue ImplementationsGeneral-Purpose Queue ImplementationsConcurrent Queue ImplementationsWrapper ImplementationsSynchronization WrappersUnmodifiable WrappersChecked Interface WrappersConvenience ImplementationsList View of an ArrayImmutable Multiple-Copy ListImmutable Singleton SetEmpty Set, List, and Map ConstantsSummary of ImplementationsQuestions and Exercises: ImplementationsQuestionsExercisesAnswersAlgorithmsSortingShufflingRoutine Data ManipulationSearchingCompositionFinding Extreme ValuesCustom Collection ImplementationsReasons to Write an ImplementationHow to Write a Custom ImplementationInteroperabilityCompatibilityUpward CompatibilityBackward CompatibilityAPI DesignParametersReturn ValuesLegacy APIs
12. Concurrency
Processes and ThreadsProcessesThreadsThread ObjectsDefining and Starting a ThreadPausing Execution with sleepInterruptsSupporting InterruptionThe Interrupt Status FlagJoinsThe SimpleThreads ExampleSynchronizationThread InterferenceMemory Consistency ErrorsSynchronized MethodsIntrinsic Locks and SynchronizationLocks In Synchronized MethodsSynchronized StatementsReentrant SynchronizationAtomic AccessLivenessDeadlockStarvation and LivelockStarvationLivelockGuarded BlocksImmutable ObjectsA Synchronized Class ExampleA Strategy for Defining Immutable ObjectsHigh-Level Concurrency ObjectsLock ObjectsExecutorsExecutor InterfacesThe Executor InterfaceThe ExecutorService InterfaceThe ScheduledExecutorService InterfaceThread PoolsConcurrent CollectionsAtomic VariablesFor Further ReadingQuestions and Exercises: ConcurrencyQuestionsExercisesAnswers
13. Regular Expressions
IntroductionWhat Are Regular Expressions?How Are Regular Expressions Represented in This Package?Test HarnessString LiteralsMetacharactersCharacter ClassesSimple ClassesNegationRangesUnionsIntersectionsSubtractionPredefined Character ClassesQuantifiersZero-Length MatchesCapturing Groups and Character Classes with QuantifiersDifferences among Greedy, Reluctant, and Possessive QuantifiersCapturing GroupsNumberingBackreferencesBoundary MatchersMethods of the Pattern ClassCreating a Pattern with FlagsEmbedded Flag ExpressionsUsing the matches(String,CharSequence) MethodUsing the split(String) MethodOther Utility MethodsPattern Method Equivalents in java.lang.StringMethods of the Matcher ClassIndex MethodsStudy MethodsReplacement MethodsUsing the start and end MethodsUsing the matches and lookingAt MethodsUsing replaceFirst(String) and replaceAll(String)The appendReplacement(StringBuffer,String) and appendTail(StringBuffer) MethodsMatcher Method Equivalents in java.lang.StringMethods of the PatternSyntaxException ClassSummaryAdditional ResourcesQuestions and Exercises: Regular ExpressionsQuestionsExercisesAnswers
14. The Platform Environment
Configuration UtilitiesPropertiesProperties in the Application Life CycleSetting Up the Properties ObjectSaving PropertiesGetting Property InformationSetting PropertiesCommand-Line ArgumentsEchoing Command-Line ArgumentsParsing Numeric Command-Line ArgumentsEnvironment VariablesQuerying Environment VariablesPassing Environment Variables to New ProcessesPlatform Dependency IssuesOther Configuration UtilitiesSystem UtilitiesCommand-Line I/O ObjectsSystem PropertiesReading System PropertiesWriting System PropertiesThe Security ManagerInteracting with the Security ManagerRecognizing a Security ViolationMiscellaneous Methods in SystemPATH and CLASSPATHUpdate the PATH Variable (Microsoft Windows NT/2000/XP)Update the PATH Variable (Solaris and Linux)Checking the CLASSPATH Variable (All Platforms)Questions and Exercises: The Platform EnvironmentQuestionsExercisesAnswers
15. Swing
A Brief Introduction to the Swing PackageWhat Is Swing?Swing GUI ComponentsJava 2D APIPluggable Look-and-Feel SupportData TransferInternationalizationAccessibility APIUndo Framework APIFlexible Deployment SupportA Swing DemoHost InfoList ViewTable ViewDetails/Notes Tabbed PaneDetails PanelNotes Text PaneWizzy 2D GraphicsMultiple Look and FeelsUndo and RedoSwing FeaturesA Visual Guide to Swing ComponentsBasic Controls (Table 15.1)Interactive Displays of Highly Formatted Information (Table 15.2)Uneditable Information Displays (Table 15.3)Top-Level Containers (Table 15.4)General-Purpose Containers (Table 15.5)Special-Purpose Containers (Table 15.6)Pluggable Look and FeelDrag and Drop and Data TransferDrag and DropCut, Copy, and PasteInternationalization and LocalizationAccessibilityIntegrating with the DesktopSystem Tray Icon SupportQuestions: Graphical User InterfacesQuestionsAnswers
16. Packaging Programs in JAR Files
Using JAR Files: The BasicsCreating a JAR FileAn ExampleViewing the Contents of a JAR FileAn ExampleExtracting the Contents of a JAR FileAn ExampleUpdating a JAR FileExamplesRunning JAR-Packaged SoftwareApplets Packaged in JAR FilesJAR Files as ApplicationsWorking with Manifest Files: The BasicsUnderstanding the Default ManifestModifying a Manifest FileSetting an Application's Entry PointAn ExampleSetting an Entry Point with the JAR ToolAdding Classes to the JAR File’s ClasspathAn ExampleSetting Package Version InformationAn ExampleSealing Packages Within a JAR FileAn ExampleSealing JAR FilesSigning and Verifying JAR FilesUnderstanding Signing and VerificationDigests and the Signature FileThe Signature Block FileRelated DocumentationSigning JAR FilesExampleAdditional InformationVerifying Signed JAR FilesUsing JAR-Related APIsAn Example—The JarRunner ApplicationThe JarClassLoader ClassThe JarClassLoader ConstructorThe getMainClassName MethodThe JarURLConnection Class and JAR URLsThe java.net.JarURLConnection ClassFetching Manifest Attributes: java.util.jar.AttributesThe invokeClass MethodThe JarRunner ClassQuestions: JAR FilesQuestionsAnswers
17. Java Web Start
Running Java Web Start ApplicationsRunning a Java Web Start Application from a BrowserRunning an Application from the Java Cache ViewerRunning a Java Web Start Application from the DesktopDeploying Java Web Start ApplicationsSetting Up the Web ServerCreating the JNLP FileAn Example JNLP FileJNLP File ContentsEncoding JNLP FilesPlacing the Application on the Web ServerCreating the Web PageAdding the Basic Link to the JNLP FileAdding the Link When Java Web Start Is Not InstalledDeveloping Java Web Start ApplicationsPackaging the Application in JAR FilesReading Resources in a JAR FileUntrusted ApplicationsThe JNLP APIJava Web Start and SecurityJava Web Start Security BasicsSigning JAR Files for Java Web Start DeploymentSecurity and JNLP FilesDynamic Downloading of HTTPS CertificatesCommon Java Web Start ProblemsQuestions and Exercises: Java Web StartQuestionsExercisesAnswers
18. Applets
Getting Started with AppletsExtending Applet or JAppletThe Life Cycle of an AppletLoading the AppletLeaving and Returning to the Applet’s PageReloading the AppletQuitting the BrowserSummaryMethods for MilestonesOverriding These MethodsThe init MethodThe start MethodThe stop MethodThe destroy MethodMethods for Drawing and Event HandlingUsing the paint MethodHandling EventsMethods for Adding UI ComponentsPre-Made UI ComponentsMethods for Using UI Components in AppletsAdding a Non-Editable Text Field to the Simple AppletWhat Applets Can and Can’t DoSecurity RestrictionsApplet CapabilitiesTaking Advantage of the Applet APIFinding and Loading Data FilesDisplaying Short Status StringsDisplaying Documents in the BrowserSending Messages to Other AppletsFinding an Applet by Name: The getApplet MethodFinding All the Applets on a Page: The getApplets MethodPlaying SoundsSound-Related MethodsAn ExampleDefining and Using Applet ParametersDeciding Which Parameters to SupportWhat Should the Applet Let the User Configure?What Should the Parameters Be Named?What Kind of Value Should Each Parameter Take?What Should the Default Value of Each Parameter Be?An Example: A Sample <APPLET> TagWriting the Code to Support ParametersGiving Information about ParametersUsing the APPLET TagSpecifying ParametersSpecifying Alternate HTML Code and TextSpecifying the Applet DirectoryCombining an Applet’s Files into a Single FileOther <APPLET> Tag AttributesPractical Considerations When Writing AppletsSecurity RestrictionsCreating a User InterfaceCreating a GUIDisplaying Diagnostics to the Standard Output and Error StreamsGetting System PropertiesSystem Properties That Applets Can ReadForbidden System PropertiesThreads in AppletsThreads in Applets: ExamplesUsing a Thread to Perform Repeated TasksUsing a Thread to Perform One-Time InitializationWorking with a Server-Side ApplicationA Simple Network Client AppletUsing a Server to Work Around Security RestrictionsFinishing an AppletBefore You Ship That AppletThe Perfectly Finished AppletDeploying AppletsGeneral Deployment ConsiderationsDeploying Applets on the Internet versus an IntranetDeploying Applets for Specific BrowsersUsing the applet TagUsing the object TagThe classid AttributeThe codebase AttributeUsing the embed TagDeploying Applets in a Mixed-Browser EnvironmentUsing Pure HTMLUsing JavaScriptSolving Common Applet ProblemsQuestions and Exercises: Java AppletsQuestionsExercisesAnswers
A. Java Language Keywords
B. Preparation for Java Programming Language Certification
Section 1: Declarations, Initialization and ScopingItem 1Item 2Item 3Item 4Item 5Item 6Section 2: Flow ControlItem 1Item 2Item 3Item 4Item 5Item 6Section 3: API ContentsItem 1Item 2Item 3Item 4Item 5Section 4: ConcurrencyItem 1Item 2Item 3Item 4Section 5: OO ConceptsItem 1Item 2Item 3Item 4Item 5Section 6: Collections / GenericsItem 1Item 2Item 3Item 4Item 5Section 7: FundamentalsItem 1Item 2Item 3Item 4Item 5Item 6
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The Java™ Tutorial Fourth Edition: A Short Course on the Basics

by Sharon Zakhour, Scott Hommel, Jacob Royal, Isaac Rabinovitch, Tom Risser, Mark Hoeber

The Java™ Series

Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
and much more.