book

The Ruby Programming Language

Name: The Ruby Programming Language
ISBN: 9780596516178

by David Flanagan, Yukihiro Matsumoto

January 2008

Beginner to intermediate

446 pages

14h 45m

English

O'Reilly Media, Inc.

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The Ruby Programming Language
A Note Regarding Supplemental Files
Preface
Acknowledgments
David FlanaganYukihiro Matsumoto
Conventions Used in This Book
Using Code Examples
How to Contact Us
Safari® Enabled
1. Introduction
A Tour of Ruby
Ruby Is Object-OrientedBlocks and IteratorsExpressions and Operators in RubyMethodsAssignmentPunctuation Suffixes and PrefixesRegexp and RangeClasses and ModulesRuby Surprises

Try Ruby
The Ruby InterpreterDisplaying OutputInteractive Ruby with irbViewing Ruby Documentation with riRuby Package Management with gemMore Ruby TutorialsRuby Resources
About This Book
How to Read This Book
A Sudoku Solver in Ruby
2. The Structure and Execution of Ruby Programs
Lexical Structure
CommentsEmbedded documentsDocumentation commentsLiteralsPunctuationIdentifiersCase sensitivityUnicode characters in identifiersPunctuation in identifiersKeywordsWhitespaceNewlines as statement terminatorsSpaces and method invocations
Syntactic Structure
Block Structure in Ruby
File Structure
Program Encoding
Specifying Program EncodingSource, External, and Internal Encodings
Program Execution
3. Datatypes and Objects
Numbers
Integer LiteralsFloating-Point LiteralsArithmetic in RubyBinary Floating-Point and Rounding Errors
Text
String LiteralsSingle-quoted string literalsDouble-quoted string literalsUnicode escapesArbitrary delimiters for string literalsHere documentsBacktick command executionString literals and mutabilityThe String.new methodCharacter LiteralsString OperatorsAccessing Characters and SubstringsIterating StringsString Encodings and Multibyte CharactersMultibyte characters in Ruby 1.9The Encoding classMultibyte characters in Ruby 1.8
Arrays
Hashes
Hash LiteralsHash Codes, Equality, and Mutable Keys
Ranges
Testing Membership in a Range
Symbols
True, False, and Nil
Objects
Object ReferencesImmediate valuesObject LifetimeObject IdentityObject Class and Object TypeObject EqualityThe equal? methodThe == operatorThe eql? methodThe === operatorThe =~ operatorObject OrderObject ConversionExplicit conversionsImplicit conversionsConversion functionsArithmetic operator type coercionsBoolean type conversionsCopying ObjectsMarshaling ObjectsFreezing ObjectsTainted and Untrusted Objects
4. Expressions and Operators
Literals and Keyword Literals
Variable References
Uninitialized Variables
Constant References
Method Invocations
Assignments
Assigning to VariablesAssigning to ConstantsAssigning to Attributes and Array ElementsAbbreviated AssignmentParallel AssignmentSame number of lvalues and rvaluesOne lvalue, multiple rvaluesMultiple lvalues, single array rvalueDifferent numbers of lvalues and rvaluesThe splat operatorParentheses in parallel assignmentThe value of parallel assignment
Operators
Unary + and –Exponentiation: **Arithmetic: +, –, *, /, and %Shift and Append: << and >>Complement, Union, Intersection: ~, &, |, and ^Comparison: <, <=, >, >=, and <=>Equality: ==, !=, =~, !~, and ===Boolean Operators: &&, ||, !, and, or, notRanges and Flip-Flops: .. and ...Boolean flip-flopsConditional: ?:Assignment OperatorsThe defined? OperatorStatement ModifiersNonoperators
5. Statements and Control Structures
Conditionals
ifelseelsifReturn valueif As a ModifierunlesscaseThe ?: Operator
Loops
while and untilwhile and until As ModifiersThe for/in Loop
Iterators and Enumerable Objects
Numeric IteratorsEnumerable ObjectsWriting Custom IteratorsEnumeratorsExternal IteratorsIteration and Concurrent Modification
Blocks
Block SyntaxThe Value of a BlockBlocks and Variable ScopePassing Arguments to a BlockBlock Parameters in Ruby 1.9
Altering Control Flow
returnbreakbreak with a valuenextnext and block valueredoretrythrow and catch
Exceptions and Exception Handling
Exception Classes and Exception ObjectsThe methods of exception objectsCreating exception objectsDefining new exception classesRaising Exceptions with raiseHandling Exceptions with rescueNaming the exception objectHandling exceptions by typePropagation of exceptionsExceptions during exception handlingretry in a rescue clauseThe else ClauseThe ensure Clauserescue with Method, Class, and Module Definitionsrescue As a Statement Modifier
BEGIN and END
Threads, Fibers, and Continuations
Threads for ConcurrencyFibers for CoroutinesFiber arguments and return valuesImplementing generators with fibersAdvanced fiber featuresContinuations
6. Methods, Procs, Lambdas, and Closures
Defining Simple Methods
Method Return ValueMethods and Exception HandlingInvoking a Method on an ObjectDefining Singleton MethodsUndefining Methods
Method Names
Operator MethodsMethod Aliases
Methods and Parentheses
Optional ParenthesesRequired Parentheses
Method Arguments
Parameter DefaultsVariable-Length Argument Lists and ArraysPassing arrays to methodsMapping Arguments to ParametersHashes for Named ArgumentsBlock ArgumentsUsing & in method invocation
Procs and Lambdas
Creating ProcsProc.newKernel.lambdaKernel.procLambda LiteralsInvoking Procs and LambdasThe Arity of a ProcProc EqualityHow Lambdas Differ from ProcsReturn in blocks, procs, and lambdasBreak in blocks, procs and lambdasOther control-flow statementsArgument passing to procs and lambdas
Closures
Closures and Shared VariablesClosures and Bindings
Method Objects
Unbound Method Objects
Functional Programming
Applying a Function to an EnumerableComposing FunctionsPartially Applying FunctionsMemoizing FunctionsSymbols, Methods, and Procs
7. Classes and Modules
Defining a Simple Class
Creating the ClassInstantiating a PointInitializing a PointDefining a to_s MethodAccessors and AttributesDefining OperatorsArray and Hash Access with [ ]Enumerating CoordinatesPoint EqualityOrdering PointsA Mutable PointQuick and Easy Mutable ClassesA Class MethodConstantsClass VariablesClass Instance Variables
Method Visibility: Public, Protected, Private
Subclassing and Inheritance
Inheriting MethodsOverriding MethodsOverriding private methodsAugmenting Behavior by ChainingInheritance of Class MethodsInheritance and Instance VariablesInheritance and Class VariablesInheritance of Constants
Object Creation and Initialization
new, allocate, and initializeFactory Methodsdup, clone, and initialize_copymarshal_dump and marshal_loadThe Singleton Pattern
Modules
Modules as NamespacesNested namespacesModules As MixinsIncludable Namespace Modules
Loading and Requiring Modules
The Load PathExecuting Loaded CodeWrapped loadsAutoloading Modules
Singleton Methods and the Eigenclass
Method Lookup
Class Method Lookup
Constant Lookup
8. Reflection and Metaprogramming
Types, Classes, and Modules
Ancestry and ModulesDefining Classes and Modules
Evaluating Strings and Blocks
Bindings and evalinstance_eval and class_evalinstance_exec and class_exec
Variables and Constants
Querying, Setting, and Testing Variables
Methods
Listing and Testing For MethodsObtaining Method ObjectsInvoking MethodsDefining, Undefining, and Aliasing MethodsHandling Undefined MethodsSetting Method Visibility
Hooks
Tracing
ObjectSpace and GC
Custom Control Structures
Delaying and Repeating Execution: after and everyThread Safety with Synchronized Blocks
Missing Methods and Missing Constants
Unicode Codepoint Constants with const_missingTracing Method Invocations with method_missingSynchronized Objects by Delegation
Dynamically Creating Methods
Defining Methods with class_evalDefining Methods with define_method
Alias Chaining
Tracing Files Loaded and Classes DefinedChaining Methods for Thread SafetyChaining Methods for Tracing
Domain-Specific Languages
Simple XML Output with method_missingValidated XML Output with Method Generation
9. The Ruby Platform
Strings
Formatting TextPacking and Unpacking Binary StringsStrings and Encodings
Regular Expressions
Regexp LiteralsRegexp Factory MethodsRegular Expression SyntaxPattern Matching with Regular ExpressionsGlobal variables for match dataPattern matching with stringsSearch and replaceRegular expression encoding
Numbers and Math
Numeric MethodsThe Math ModuleDecimal ArithmeticComplex NumbersRational NumbersVectors and MatricesRandom Numbers
Dates and Times
Collections
Enumerable ObjectsIterating and converting collectionsEnumerators and external iteratorsSorting collectionsSearching collectionsSelecting subcollectionsReducing collectionsArraysCreating arraysArray size and elementsAltering array elementsIterating, searching, and sorting arraysArray comparisonArrays as stacks and queuesArrays as setsAssociative array methodsMiscellaneous array methodsHashesCreating hashesIndexing hashes and testing membershipStoring keys and values in a hashRemoving hash entriesArrays from hashesHash iteratorsDefault valuesHashcodes, key equality, and mutable keysMiscellaneous hash methodsSetsCreating setsTesting, comparing, and combining SetsAdding and deleting set elementsSet iteratorsMiscellaneous set methods
Files and Directories
File and Directory NamesListing DirectoriesTesting FilesCreating, Deleting, and Renaming Files and Directories
Input/Output
Opening StreamsOpening filesKernel.openStringIOPredefined streamsStreams and EncodingsReading from a StreamReading linesReading entire filesReading bytes and charactersWriting to a StreamRandom Access MethodsClosing, Flushing, and Testing Streams
Networking
A Very Simple ClientA Very Simple ServerDatagramsA More Complex ClientA Multiplexing ServerFetching Web Pages
Threads and Concurrency
Thread LifecycleThe main threadThreads and unhandled exceptionsThreads and VariablesThread-private variablesThread-local variablesThread SchedulingThread prioritiesThread preemption and Thread.passThread StatesQuerying thread stateAltering state: pausing, waking, and killing threadsListing Threads and Thread GroupsThreading ExamplesReading files concurrentlyA Multithreaded ServerConcurrent iteratorsThread Exclusion and DeadlockDeadlockQueue and SizedQueueCondition Variables and Queues
10. The Ruby Environment
Invoking the Ruby Interpreter
Common OptionsWarnings and Information OptionsEncoding OptionsText Processing OptionsMiscellaneous Options
The Top-Level Environment
Predefined Modules and ClassesTop-Level ConstantsGlobal VariablesGlobal settingsException-handling globalsStreams and text-processing globalsPattern-matching globalsCommand-line option globalsPredefined Global FunctionsKeyword functionsText input, output, and manipulation functionsOS methodsWarnings, failures, and exitingReflection functionsConversion functionsMiscellaneous Kernel functionsUser-Defined Global Functions
Practical Extraction and Reporting Shortcuts
Input FunctionsDeprecated Extraction FunctionsReporting FunctionsOne-Line Script Shortcuts
Calling the OS
Invoking OS CommandsForking and ProcessesTrapping SignalsTerminating Programs
Security
Tainted DataRestricted Execution and Safe LevelsSafe level 0Safe Level 1Safe level 2Safe level 3Safe level 4
Index
About the Authors
Colophon
Copyright

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