17DENIAL-OF-SERVICE ATTACKS
On October 21, 2016, internet users woke up and found that many of their favorite websites were inaccessible: Twitter, Spotify, Netflix, GitHub, Amazon, and many others all appeared to be offline. The root cause was an attack against a DNS provider. A massive wave of DNS lookup requests had brought the popular DNS provider Dyn to its knees. It took most of the day—during which two more huge waves of DNS lookups occurred—before services were fully restored.
The scale and impact of the outage were unprecedented. (The only incident of comparable impact occurred when a shark chomped through an undersea internet cable and ...
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