Web Security, Privacy & Commerce, 2nd Edition

Message Digest Functions

Message digest functions distill the information contained in a file (small or large) into a single large number, typically between 128 and 256 bits in length. This is illustrated in Figure 3-4. The best message digest functions combine these mathematical properties:

• Every bit of the message digest function is potentially influenced by every bit of the function’s input.

• If any given bit of the function’s input is changed, every output bit has a 50 percent chance of changing.

• Given an input file and its corresponding message digest, it should be computationally infeasible to find another file with the same message digest value.

Figure 3-4. A message digest function

Message digests are also called one-way hash functions because they produce values that are difficult to invert, resistant to attack, effectively unique, and widely distributed.

Many message digest functions have been proposed and are now in use. Here are a few:

MD2

Message Digest #2, developed by Ronald Rivest. This message digest is probably the most secure of Rivest’s message digest functions, but takes the longest to compute. As a result, MD2 is rarely used. MD2 produces a 128-bit digest.

MD4

Message Digest #4, also developed by Rivest. This message digest algorithm was developed as a fast alternative to MD2. Subsequently, MD4 was shown to have a possible weakness. That is, it is possible to find ...