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X Window System User's Guide for X11 R3 and R4 of the X Window System

by Valerie Quercia, Tim O'Reilly

May 1990

Beginner

723 pages

17h 35m

English

O'Reilly Media, Inc.

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AssumptionsOrganizationBulk Sales Informationxshowfonts.cAcknowlegementsFont and Character Conventions
Anatomy of an X DisplayX Architecture OverviewThe X Display ServerClientsThe Window ManagerThe xterm Terminal EmulatorThe Display ManagerOther X ClientsCustomizing Clients

If X is Being Started AutomaticallyStarting X ManuallyStarting the First xterm WindowBringing Up the Window ManagerStarting a Second xterm WindowExiting from an xterm WindowSpecial KeysHow a Client Looks and Behaves: Application DefaultsStarting Other ClientsRunning a Client on Another MachineWhere to Go From Here
Starting the Window ManagerTitlebarsThe Twm MenuDisplaying Windows as IconsResizing WindowsMoving Windows and IconsShuffling the Window Stack: Raise and LowerRaising Windows (bringing in front of others)Lowering Windows (sending behind others)Changing Keyboard FocusRemoving a Window: Delete and KillRestarting the Window ManagerExiting the Window ManagerButton Control of Window Manager FunctionsCustomizing twmSome of My Keystrokes are Missing
The Release 4 xterm MenusThe xterm Menus at a GlanceThe Main Options MenuVT Options MenuVT Fonts MenuTek Options MenuUsing the Scroll barCopying and Pasting Text SelectionsSelecting Text to CopyPasting Text SelectionsManipulating Text SelectionsCopying and Pasting between Release 2 and 3 Clients: xcutselSaving Multiple Selections: xclipboard (Release 4 Version)Problems with Large SelectionsEditing Text Saved in the xclipboardRelease 3 xclipboardTerminal Emulation and the xterm Terminal TypeResizing an xterm WindowRunning a Program in a Temporary xterm Window
Font Naming ConventionsFont FamiliesStroke Weight and SlantFont SizesOther Information in the Font NameFont Name WildcardingThe Font Search PathThe fonts.dir FilesFont Name AliasingMaking the Server Aware of AliasesUtilities for Displaying Information about FontsThe Font Displayer: xfdRelease 3 xfdPreviewing and Selecting Fonts: xfontselPreviewing Fonts with the xfontsel MenusSelecting a Font NameChanging Fonts in xterm WindowsThe Great EscapeThe Selection Menu ItemRelease 2 versus Subsequent Release FontsFont Specification in Release 2
Creating Icons and Other BitmapsBitmap Editing CommandsPointer CommandsBitmap Command BoxesActing on the Entire Grid: Clear All, Set All, Invert AllActing on an Area: Clear Area, Set Area, Invert AreaCopy Area, Move Area, Overlay AreaDrawing: Line, Circle, Filled CircleFilling in a Shape: Flood FillHot Spots: Set Hot Spot, Clear Hot SpotSaving and Quitting: Write Output, QuitCreating a Bitmap from a CursorMagnifying Portions of the Screen: xmagQuitting xmagWhat xmag Shows YouDynamically Choosing a Different Source Area
Desk AccessoriesClock Programs: xclock and oclockA Scientific Calculator: xcalcTerminating the calculatorMail Notification Client: xbiffMonitoring System Load Average: xloadBrowsing Reference Pages: xmanRelease 3 xmanPrinting Utilities: xwd. xpr, xdprKilling a Client Window with xkillProblems with Killing a ClientWindow and Display Information ClientsDisplaying Information about a Window: xwininfoListing the Window Tree: xlswinsListing the Currently Running Clients: xlsclientsGenerating Information about the Display: xdpyinfoUser-contributed ClientsX Toolkit ApplicationsDialog Boxes and Command ButtonsScroll barsSelecting Information for Copying and PastingVertical PanesViewportsText Editing Widget
Which Display to Run OnTitle and NameWindow GeometryBorder WidthColor SpecificationThe rgb.txt FileRelease 4 Color NamesRelease 3 Color NamesAlternative Release 4 Color DatabasesHexadecimal Color SpecificationThe RGB Color ModelHow Many Colors are Available?Starting a Client Window as an IconSpecifying Fonts on the Command LineReverse Video
Resource Naming SyntaxSyntax of Toolkit Client ResourcesTight Bindings and Loose BindingsInstances and ClassesPrecedence Rules for Resource SpecificationSome Common ResourcesEvent TranslationsThe Syntax of Event Translationsxterm Translations to Use xclipboardHow to Set ResourcesA Sample Resources FileSpecifying Resources from the Command LineThe –xrm OptionThe –name OptionSetting Resources with xrdbQuerying the Resource DatabaseLoading New Values into the Resource DatabaseSaving Active Resource Definitions in a FileRemoving Resource DefinitionsListing the Current Resources for a Client: appresOther Sources of Resource Definition
Setting .twmrc VariablesButton/Key BindingsPointer ButtonsKeysContextFunction NamesActionDefining MenusSubmenusExecuting System Commands from a MenuColor MenusA Complete Revamp of twm
xset: Setting Display and Keyboard PreferencesKeyboard BellBug Compatibility ModeKeyclick VolumeEnabling or Disabling Auto-repeatChanging or Rehashing the Font PathKeyboard LEDsPointer AccelerationScreen SaverColor DefinitionHelp with xset Optionsxsetroot: Setting Root Window CharacteristicsSetting Root Window PatternsForeground, Background Color and Reverse VideoChanging the Root Window Pointerxmodmap: Modifier Key and Pointer CustomizationKeycodes and KeysymsProcedure to Map Modifier KeysDisplaying the Current Modifier Key MapDetennining the Default Key MappingsMatching Keysyms with Physical Keys Using xevChanging the Map with xmodmapExpressions to Change the Key MapKey Mapping ExamplesDisplaying and Changing the Pointer Map
Including X in Your Search PathSetting the Terminal TypeA Startup Shell ScriptWhat Should Go in the ScriptStarting XStarting X with the Display Manager, xdm (Release 4)Getting Started with xdm on a Single DisplaySetting Up the Configuration File and Other Special FilesThe Standard Login SessionCustomizing xdmThe Xservers FileThe Xsession File and .xsession ScriptsThe Xresources FileThe Error Log FileThe xdm-pid File (Release 4 Only)X startup and XresetSecurity and the authorize Resource (Release 4 Only)Stopping xdm and the ServerX Terminals and the XDM Control Protocol (Release 4)Release 3 xdmRelease 3 Special Files and the Config FileCustomizing the Release 3 xdmManaging Multiple Displays: the Release 3 Xservers FileRelease 3 .xsession ScriptsRelease 3 Xresources FileRelease 3 X startup and X resetStarting X with xinitAn Older Method of Starting X: /etc/ttysServer Access ControlHost-based Access and the xhost ClientUser-based Access: xdm and the .Xauthority File (Release 4)Font ManagementConsole MessagesLog FilesChanging the Color Name Database
Starting the Window ManagerThe WindowOps MenuCreating New Terminal Windows
Getting Started with mwmStarting mwmSelecting the Window to Receive InputManipulating Windows with the mwm Window FrameMoving a Window: The Title AreaMinimizing (lconifying) and Maximizing a WindowThe Minimize ButtonThe Maximize ButtonRaising a WindowResizing a WindowThe Window Menu Button: Display a Menu or Close the WindowManipulating Windows Using the Window MenuChanging the Window Location: MoveResizing the Window: SizeIconifying the Window: MinimizeChanging to the Maximum Size: MaximizeMoving a Window to the Bottom of the Stack: LowerRemoving a Window: CloseRestoring a Maximized Window or an Icon: RestoreManipulating IconsManipulating Icons Using the Window MenuThe Root MenuCustomizing mwmActivating Changes to the Window ManagerThe system.mwmrc Filemwm FunctionsMenu SpecificationsKey BindingsButton BindingsCustomizing the Root MenuCreating New MenusCascading MenusSetting mwm ResourcesComponent Appearance Resourcesmwm-Specific Appearance and Behavior ResourcesClient-Specific ResourcesSetting the Focus PolicyUsing an Icon Box
xterm Control SequencesDefinitionsVT102 ModeTektronix 4014 Mode
Event Types and ModifiersDetail FieldModifiersComplex Translation Examples

Content preview from X Window System User's Guide for X11 R3 and R4 of the X Window System

7 Other Clients

This chapter gives an overview of other clients available with X, including window and display information clients, printing utilities, the xkill program, and several “desk accessories.”

In This Chapter:

Desk Accessories

Clock Programs: xclock and oclock

A Scientific Calculator: xcalc

Terminating the calculator

Mail Notification Client: xbiff

Monitoring System Load Average : xload

Browsing Reference Pages: xman

Release 3 xman

Printing Utilities: xwd, xpr, xdpr

Killing a Client Window with xkill

Problems with Killing a Client

Window and Display Information Clients

Displaying Information about a Window: xwininfo

Listing the Window Tree : xlswins

Listing the Currently Running Clients: xlsclients

Generating Information about the Display: xdpyinfo

User-contributed Clients

X Toolkit Applications

Dialog Boxes and Command Buttons

Scrollbars

Selecting Information for Copying and Pasting

Vertical Panes

Viewports

Text Editing Widget

7 Other Clients

In addition to twm and xterm, the MIT distribution includes many other clients. As X becomes more widely available, there will doubtless be many applications available from third parties, just as there are in the PC world.

The clients discussed in this chapter are grouped according to basic functionality, as follows:

• Desk accessories: xclock, oclock, xcalc, xbiff, xload, and xman.

• Printing utilities: xwd, xpr, and xdpr.

• Program to remove a client window: xkill.

• Window and display information programs: xwininfo, ...

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