book

XLIB Programming Manual, Rel. 5, Third Edition

Name: XLIB Programming Manual, Rel. 5, Third Edition
Author: Adrian Nye
ISBN: 9781565920026

by Adrian Nye

June 1994

Intermediate to advanced

821 pages

24h 40m

English

O'Reilly Media, Inc.

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XLIB Programming Manual, Rel. 5
Preface
About This Manual
Summary of Contents
How to Use This Manual
Getting the Example Programs
FTPFTPMAILBITFTPUUCP
Compiling the Example Programs
Assumptions
Font Conventions Used in This Manual
Related Documents
How to Contact Us

Bulk Sales Information
Acknowledgements
1. Introduction
1.1 Versions of X
1.2 X Window System Concepts
1.2.1 Displays and Screens1.2.2 The Server-Client Model1.2.3 Window Management1.2.4 Events1.2.5 Extensions to X
1.3 X Window System Software Architecture
1.4 Overview of Xlib
2. X Concepts
2.1 How Xlib Works2.1.1 The X Protocol2.1.2 Buffering2.1.3 Resources2.1.4 Properties and Atoms2.1.5 The Window Manager
2.2 What are X Windows?
2.2.1 Window Characteristics2.2.2 Window Hierarchy2.2.3 Window Stacking Order2.2.4 Mapping and Visibility
2.3 Introduction to X Graphics
2.3.1 Pixels and Colors2.3.2 Pixels and Planes2.3.3 Pixmaps and Drawables2.3.4 Drawing and the Graphics Context2.3.5 Tiles and Stipples
2.4 More on Window Characteristics
2.4.1 Window Attributes2.4.2 Window Configuration2.4.3 Class: InputOutput and InputOnly Windows2.4.4 Depth and Visual2.4.5 Icons2.4.6 Special Characteristics of the Root Window
2.5 Introduction to Events
2.5.1 What is an Event?2.5.2 Selection and Propagation of Events2.5.3 The Event Queue2.5.4 An Event Structure2.5.5 The Event Loop
2.6 How to Program with Xlib
2.6.1 Designing an X Application2.6.1.1 Design Requirements2.6.1.2 The User Interface2.6.2 Writing an X Application2.6.2.1 Resources and User Customizability2.6.2.2 Compiling and Linking X Programs2.6.2.3 Naming Conventions2.6.2.4 Using Structures, Symbols, and Masks2.6.2.5 Performance Optimizing2.6.2.6 ANSI-C and POSIX Portability2.6.3 Debugging an X Application2.6.3.1 Errors2.6.3.2 The XErrorEvent Structure2.6.3.3 Synchronizing Errors2.6.3.4 Software Interrupts
3. Basic Window Program
3.1 Running the Program
3.2 The Main of basicwin
3.2.1 Include Files and Declarations3.2.2 Connecting to a Server3.2.3 Display Macros3.2.4 Getting Window Information3.2.5 Creating Windows3.2.6 Color Strategy3.2.7 Preparing an Icon Pixmap3.2.8 Communicating with the Window Manager3.2.9 Selecting Desired Event Types3.2.10 Creating Server Resources3.2.11 Window Mapping3.2.12 Flushing the Output Buffer3.2.13 Setting Up an Event-gathering Loop3.2.13.1 Repainting the Window3.2.14 When Can I Draw?3.2.15 When Will My Drawing Appear?3.2.16 Handling Resizing of the Window3.2.17 Exiting the Program3.2.18 Error Handling3.2.19 Summary3.2.20 Complete Code for basicwin
4. Window Attributes
4.1 Setting Window Attributes
4.2 The Window Attribute Structures
4.3 Settable Attributes
4.3.1 The Window Background4.3.1.1 background_pixmap4.3.1.2 background_pixel4.3.2 The Window Border4.3.2.1 border_pixmap4.3.2.2 border_pixel4.3.3 Bit Gravity4.3.4 Window Gravity4.3.5 Backing Store4.3.6 Saving Under4.3.7 Event Handling4.3.8 Substructure Redirect Override4.3.9 Colormap4.3.10 Cursor4.3.11 Default Attributes
4.4 Information from the XWindowAttributes Structure
5. The Graphics Context
5.1 Creating and Setting a Graphics Context
5.2 Switching Between Graphics Contexts
5.3 Controlling Pixel Selection
5.3.1 Line Characteristics5.3.1.1 Line Width5.3.1.2 Line Style5.3.1.3 Cap Style5.3.1.4 Join Style5.3.1.5 Dash List and Offset5.3.1.6 Example of Setting Line Characteristics5.3.2 The Font5.3.3 Fill Rule5.3.4 Arc Mode (for Filling)5.3.5 Clip Mask
5.4 Controlling Coloring and Patterning
5.4.1 Drawing in Foreground Only5.4.2 Tiles5.4.3 Stipples5.4.4 Fill Style5.4.5 Drawing in Foreground and Background5.4.5.1 Tile and Stipple Sizes
5.5 Controlling Graphics Tricks
5.5.1 Logical Function5.5.2 Plane Mask
5.6 Graphics Exposure
5.7 Subwindow Mode
5.8 Sharing GCs Between Clients
5.9 GCs and Server Efficiency
5.10 Querying the Graphics Context
5.11 The Default GC Versus Default Values of a GC
6. Drawing Graphics and Text
6.1 Drawing6.1.1 The Request Size Limit6.1.2 Scaling Graphics6.1.3 Example of Drawing Graphics6.1.4 Filling6.1.5 Creating Bitmaps, Pixmaps, Tiles, and Stipples6.1.6 Copying and Clearing Areas
6.2 Fonts and Text
6.2.1 Character Format6.2.2 Loading Fonts6.2.3 Font Naming6.2.4 Character Metrics6.2.4.1 The XCharStruct Structure6.2.4.2 The XFontStruct Structure6.2.5 Positioning of Text6.2.6 Text-drawing Routines6.2.7 The draw_text Routine6.2.8 Vertical Text and Rotated Text6.2.9 Font Properties6.2.10 Setting the Font Path
6.3 Regions
6.3.1 Moving and Resizing Regions6.3.2 Computations with Regions6.3.3 Returning Region Information
6.4 Images
6.4.1 Manipulating Images6.4.2 Examples Using Images
6.5 Cursors
6.5.1 The Standard Cursor Font6.5.2 Creating a Pixmap Cursor6.5.3 Loading and Changing Cursors
7. Color
7.1 Basic Color Terms and Concepts
7.2 Color Naming and Specification
7.2.1 The Server-side Color Name Database7.2.2 Xcms Color Specification7.2.3 The Client-side Color Name Database7.2.4 Hexadecimal Color Specification
7.3 Differences in Display Hardware
7.3.1 Mid-range Color Displays7.3.2 Monochrome and Gray Scale7.3.3 High Performance Color Displays7.3.4 How X Describes Color Support with Visuals7.3.5 Shareability vs. Changeability
7.4 Allocating Shared Colors
7.4.1 The XColor Structure7.4.2 Code to Allocate Read-only Colors7.4.3 Highlighting in Two Colors7.4.4 Choosing Default Colors
7.5 Allocating Private Colors
7.5.1 Allocating Read/Write Colorcells for Dynamic Colors7.5.2 Allocating Read/Write Colorcells for Overlays7.5.3 Using XAllocColorPlanes()
7.6 Getting Complete Visual Information
7.6.1 The XVisualInfo Structure7.6.2 Example of Choosing a Visual
7.7 The GrayScale Visual
7.8 Standard Colormaps
7.8.1 The Standard Colormap Properties7.8.2 The XStandardColormap Structure7.8.3 The 3/3/2 Standard Colormap7.8.4 Creating and Using a Standard Colormap7.8.5 RGB-to-Pixel Conversion
7.9 Device-independent Color and Xcms
7.9.1 The Fundamentals of Color Representation7.9.2 Screen Characterization and the XDCCC7.9.3 The Xcms Programming Interface7.9.3.1 Color and Colormap Functions7.9.3.2 Color Conversion7.9.3.3 Gamut-querying Functions
7.10 Creating and Installing Colormaps
7.10.1 Functions for Manipulating Colormaps7.10.2 The ColormapNotify Event7.10.3 The Required Colormap List
7.11 Miscellaneous Color-handling Functions
8. Events
8.1 Overview of Event Handling
8.2 Event Processing
8.2.1 The Event Structures8.2.2 Event Types and XEvent Union8.2.3 Xlib’s Event Queue8.2.4 Writing the Event Loop8.2.5 Printing the Event Type8.2.6 Routines that Get Events8.2.7 Predicate Procedures
8.3 Selecting Events
8.3.1 Correspondence Between Event Masks and Events8.3.2 Propagation of Device Events8.3.2.1 The Keyboard Focus Window8.3.2.2 Keyboard and Pointer Grabbing8.3.3 Event Masks8.3.3.1 KeyPressMask and KeyReleaseMask8.3.3.2 ButtonPressMask, ButtonReleaseMask, and OwnerGrabButtonMask8.3.3.3 The Pointer Motion Masks8.3.3.4 FocusChangeMask8.3.3.5 EnterWindowMask and LeaveWindowMask8.3.3.6 KeymapStateMask8.3.3.7 ExposureMask8.3.3.8 VisibilityChangeMask8.3.3.9 ColormapChangeMask8.3.3.10 PropertyChangeMask8.3.3.11 StructureNotifyMask and SubstructureNotifyMask8.3.3.12 SubstructureRedirectMask8.3.3.13 ResizeRedirectMask8.3.3.14 Automatically Selected Events
8.4 Sending Events
8.5 Where to Find More on Each Event
9. The Keyboard and Pointer
9.1 The Keyboard9.1.1 Simple Keyboard Input9.1.1.1 Getting a String — A Dialog Box9.1.2 The Keyboard Mappings9.1.2.1 Keysyms to Strings9.1.2.2 The Modifier Keys9.1.2.3 Keycodes to Keysyms9.1.3 Background on Keysyms9.1.3.1 The Design of Keysyms9.1.3.2 Conventions for Keysym Meaning9.1.4 Changing the Server-wide Keyboard Mappings9.1.4.1 Changing the Keycode-to-Keysym Mapping9.1.4.2 Changing Modifier Mapping9.1.5 Other Keyboard-handling Routines
9.2 The Pointer
9.2.1 Tracking Pointer Motion9.2.1.1 Getting All Motion Events9.2.1.2 Using Pointer Motion Hints9.2.1.3 Motion History9.2.2 Handling Pointer Button Events9.2.3 Changing the Pointer Button Mapping9.2.4 Moving the Pointer
9.3 Border Crossing and Keyboard Focus Change Events
9.3.1 The KeymapNotify Event
9.4 Grabbing the Keyboard and Pointer
9.4.1 Implementing Type-ahead for Information Entry
9.5 Keyboard Preferences
9.5.1 Setting Keyboard Preferences9.5.2 Getting Keyboard Preferences
9.6 Pointer Preferences
9.7 X Input Extension
10. Internationalization
10.1 An Overview of Internationalization10.1.1 Internationalization with ANSI-C10.1.2 Text Representation in an Internationalized Application10.1.2.1 ISO8859-1 and Other Encodings10.1.2.2 Multi-byte Strings and Wide-character Strings10.1.3 Internationalization Using X
10.2 Locale Management in X
10.3 Internationalized Text Output in X
10.3.1 Creating and Manipulating Fontsets10.3.2 Querying Fontset Metrics10.3.3 Context Dependencies in Displayed Text10.3.4 Measuring Strings10.3.5 Drawing Internationalized Text
10.4 String Encoding Changes for Internationalization
10.5 Internationalized Interclient Communication
10.6 Localization of Resource Databases
10.7 Summary: Writing an Internationalized Application
11. Internationalized Text Input
11.1 Issues of Internationalized Text Input
11.2 Overview of the X Input Method Architecture
11.2.1 Input Methods and Input Servers11.2.2 User Interaction with an Input Method11.2.3 The X Input Method11.2.4 The X Input Context11.2.5 Input Context Focus Management11.2.6 Preedit and Status Area Geometry Management11.2.7 Preedit and Status Callbacks11.2.8 Getting Composed Input11.2.9 Filtering Events11.2.10 The Big Picture
11.3 XIM Programming Interface
11.4 XIM Functions
11.4.1 Opening and Closing an Input Method11.4.2 Querying Input Method Values
11.5 XIC Functions
11.5.1 Choosing an Interaction Style11.5.2 Creating and Destroying Input Contexts11.5.3 Querying and Modifying an XIC11.5.4 Resetting an Input Context11.5.5 Setting Input Context Focus11.5.6 Input Context Utility Functions
11.6 Input Context Attributes
11.6.1 XNInputStyle11.6.2 XNClientWindow11.6.3 XNFocusWindow11.6.4 XNResourceName and XNResourceClass11.6.5 XNGeometryCallback11.6.6 XNFilterEvents11.6.7 XNPreeditAttributes and XNStatusAttributes11.6.7.1 XNArea11.6.7.2 XNAreaNeeded11.6.7.3 XNSpotLocation11.6.7.4 XNColormap11.6.7.5 XNStdColormap11.6.7.6 XNForeground11.6.7.7 XNBackground11.6.7.8 XNBackgroundPixmap11.6.7.9 XNFontSet11.6.7.10 XNLineSpacing11.6.7.11 XNCursor11.6.7.12 Preedit and Status Callbacks
11.7 Negotiating Preedit and Status Area Geometries
11.8 Geometry, Preedit, and Status Callbacks
11.8.1 The Geometry Callback11.8.2 The PreeditStartCallback and the PreeditEndCallback11.8.3 The PreeditDrawCallback11.8.4 The PreeditCaretCallback11.8.5 The StatusStartCallback and the StatusDoneCallback11.8.6 The StatusDrawCallback
11.9 Filtering Events
11.10 Getting Composed Text
11.11 XIM Programming Checklist
12. Interclient Communication
12.1 Properties and Atoms
12.2 The Compound Text Encoding
12.3 Communicating with the Window Manager
12.3.1 Standard Properties for Window Manager12.3.1.1 Application Name – XA_WM_NAME12.3.1.2 Icon Name - XA_WM_ICON_NAME12.3.1.3 Window Size Hints - XA_WM_NORMAL_HINTS12.3.1.4 Additional Window Manager Hints – XA_WM_HINTS12.3.1.4.1 Flags Field12.3.1.4.2 Input Field and the Keyboard Focus12.3.1.4.3 Initial State Field12.3.1.4.4 Icon Hints Fields12.3.1.4.5 Window Group Field12.3.1.4.6 Transient Window Field12.3.1.5 Application Class Name and Instance Name – XA_WM_CLASS12.3.2 Standard Properties for Session Manager12.3.2.1 Application Command and Arguments12.3.2.2 Client Machine12.3.3 Optional Properties for Window and Session Manager12.3.3.1 Using Created Colormaps - WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS12.3.3.2 Window Manager Protocols - WM_PROTOCOLS12.3.3.2.1 WM_TAKE_FOCUS12.3.3.2.2 WM_SAVE_YOURSELF12.3.3.2.3 WM_DELETE_WINDOW12.3.4 Properties Set by the Window Manager12.3.4.1 XA_WM_ICON_SIZE12.3.4.2 WM_STATE12.3.5 Text Properties12.3.6 Constraints on Client Actions12.3.6.1 Changing Application State12.3.6.2 Reconfiguring the Top-level Window
12.4 Selections
12.4.1 The Selection Mechanism12.4.2 An Example of Selection12.4.3 Acquiring Selection Ownership12.4.4 Responsibilities of the Selection Owner12.4.5 Giving Up Selection Ownership12.4.6 Requesting a Selection12.4.7 Large Data Transfers12.4.8 More on Selection Properties and Types12.4.9 Target Atoms
12.5 Cut Buffers
13. Managing User Preferences
13.1 Using XGetDefault()
13.2 Using the Low-level Resource Manager Routines
13.2.1 Resource Files and Merging13.2.2 Including Files in a Resource File13.2.3 Resource Properties13.2.4 The Low Level Xrm Routines
13.3 Standard Geometry
13.4 Resource Specification and Matching
13.4.1 Tight Bindings and Loose Bindings13.4.2 Wildcarding Resource Component Names13.4.3 The -name Option13.4.4 Storage/Access Rules13.4.5 Resource Manager Values and Representation Types
13.5 Other Resource Manager Routines
13.5.1 Putting Resources into the Database13.5.2 Combining the Contents of Databases13.5.3 Enumerating Database Entries13.5.4 Associating a Resource Database with a Display13.5.5 Getting the Locale of a Database13.5.6 Quarks
14. A Complete Application
14.1 Description of basecalc
14.2 Include Files
14.3 The Main of basecalc
14.4 Getting User Preferences
14.4.1 User Defaults for basecalc14.4.2 Parsing the Command Line14.4.3 Getting the Databases14.4.4 Getting Options from the Database
14.5 Printing a Usage Message
14.6 Initializing the Calculator
14.7 Making Windows
14.8 Selecting Events
14.9 Processing Events
14.10 Drawing a Pad
14.11 Routines Not Shown
15. Other Programming Techniques
15.1 Reading and Writing Properties
15.2 Screen Saver
15.3 Host Access and Security
15.3.1 The Host Access List15.3.2 Enabling and Disabling Access Control
15.4 Getting the Window Hierarchy
15.5 Close Down Mode
15.6 Connection Close Operations
15.7 Data Management
15.7.1 The Context Manager
15.8 The After Function
15.9 Coordinate Transformation
15.10 ANSI-C and POSIX Portability
15.10.1 <X11/Xosdefs.h>15.10.2 <X11/Xos.h>15.10.3 <X11/Xfuncs.h>15.10.4 <X11/Xfuncproto.h>15.10.5 Other Symbols
15.11 Porting Programs to X
15.12 Programming for Multiple X Releases
15.13 Using Extensions to X
16. Window Management
16.1 Layout Policy
16.2 Substructure Redirection
16.3 Reparenting
16.3.1 Shadows
16.4 Window Save-set
16.5 Window Manager - Client Communications
16.5.1 Reading the Hints16.5.2 Setting Icon Sizes16.5.3 Window Manager Protocols
16.6 Window Management Functions
16.7 A Basic Window Manager
16.7.1 Operation of the Program16.7.2 Description of the Code of main16.7.3 Window Layering16.7.4 Selecting Input16.7.5 Handling Input16.7.6 Inverting an Area16.7.7 Cursors16.7.8 Grabbing the Pointer16.7.9 Painting the Menu16.7.10 Circulating Windows16.7.11 Raising and Lowering Windows16.7.12 Moving and Resizing Windows16.7.13 The draw_box Routine16.7.14 (De)Iconifying Windows16.7.15 Creating the Icons16.7.16 Getting the Icon Size16.7.17 Updating the Icon List16.7.18 Removing Icons16.7.19 Changing Keyboard Focus16.7.20 Drawing the Focus Frame16.7.21 Executing a Shell Command
A. Specifying Fonts
A.1 Font SpecificationA.1.1 Font Naming ConventionsA.1.2 Font Name WildcardingA.1.3 Font Name AliasingA.1.4 Making the Server Aware of AliasesA.1.5 The fonts.dir Files
A.2 Font Service
A.2.1 Font Server NamingA.2.2 Font Server Configuration
A.3 Scalable Fonts
A.3.1 Finding Scalable FontsA.3.2 Finding Derived Instances of Scalable FontsA.3.3 Using Scalable Fonts
B. X10 Compatibility
B.1 XDraw and XDrawFilled()
B.2 Association Tables
C. Writing Extensions to X
C.1 Basic Protocol Support RoutinesC.1.1 XListExtensionsC.1.2 XFreeExtensionList
C.2 Hooking into Xlib
C.2.1 XInitExtensionC.2.2 XAddExtensionC.2.3 Hooks into the LibraryC.2.3.1 XESetCloseDisplayC.2.3.2 XESetCreateGCC.2.3.3 XESetCopyGCC.2.3.4 XESetFreeGCC.2.3.5 XESetCreateFontC.2.3.6 XESetFreeFontC.2.4 Defining New Events and ErrorsC.2.4.1 XESetWireToEventC.2.4.2 _XSetLastRequestReadC.2.4.3 XESetEventToWireC.2.4.4 XESetWireToErrorC.2.4.5 XESetErrorC.2.4.6 XESetErrorStringC.2.4.7 XESetPrintErrorValuesC.2.4.8 XESetFlushGCC.2.5 Hooks onto Xlib Data StructuresC.2.5.1 XEHeadOfExtensionListC.2.5.2 XAddToExtensionListC.2.5.3 XFindOnExtensionListC.2.5.4 XAllocID
C.3 GC Caching
C.4 Graphics Batching
C.5 Writing Extension Stubs
C.5.1 Requests, Replies, and Xproto.hC.5.2 Request FormatC.5.3 Starting to Write a Stub RoutineC.5.4 Locking Data StructuresC.5.5 Sending the Protocol Request and ArgumentsC.5.6 Variable Length ArgumentsC.5.7 RepliesC.5.7.1 _XRead16C.5.7.2 _XRead32C.5.7.3 _XRead16PadC.5.7.4 _XReadPadC.5.8 Synchronous CallingC.5.9 Allocating and Deallocating MemoryC.5.10 Portability ConsiderationsC.5.11 Deriving the Correct Extension Opcode
D. The basecalc Application
E. Event Reference
E.1 Meaning of Common Structure Elements
ButtonPress,ButtonRelease
CirculateNotify
CirculateRequest
ClientMessage
ColormapNotify
ConfigureNotify
ConfigureRequest
CreateNotify
DestroyNotify
EnterNotify,LeaveNotify
Expose
FocusIn,FocusOut
GraphicsExpose,NoExpose
GravityNotify
KeymapNotify
KeyPress,KeyRelease
MapNotify,UnmapNotify
MappingNotify
MapRequest
MotionNotify
PropertyNotify
ReparentNotify
ResizeRequest
SelectionClear
SelectionNotify
SelectionRequest
VisibilityNotify
F. The Xmu Library
F.1 Atom Functions
F.2 Error Handler Functions
F.3 System Utility Functions
F.4 Window Utility Functions
F.5 Cursor Utility Functions
F.6 Color Utilities
F.7 Pixmap Utilities
F.8 Graphics Functions
F.9 Selection Functions
F.10 Character Set Functions
F.11 Compound Text Functions
F.12 CloseDisplay Hook Functions
F.13 Display Queue Functions
F.14 Standard Colormap Functions
G. Sources of Additional Information
G.1 Getting the X SoftwareG.1.1 Bug FixesG.1.1.1 NotesG.1.1.2 Fairness
G.2 Netnews
G.3 Training, Consulting, and Support
G.4 The X Consortium
G.5 Finding Out for Yourself
H. Release Notes
H.1 Changes from Release 4 to Release 5H.1.1 InternationalizationH.1.2 X Color Management SystemH.1.3 Resource ManagementH.1.4 Scalable Font Support
H.2 Miscellaneous Xlib Changes
H.3 Changes from Release 3 to Release 4
H.3.1 New RoutinesH.3.2 Existing Interface ChangesH.3.2.1 XOpenDisplay()H.3.2.2 Error HandlersH.3.2.3 Nonstandard KeysymsH.3.2.4 XReadBitmapFile()H.3.2.5 Resource Specification SyntaxH.3.2.6 XrmParseCommand()H.3.2.7 Keyboard Groups
Glossary
References
Index

Content preview from XLIB Programming Manual, Rel. 5, Third Edition

14.2 Include Files

The include files used in Example 14-1 are the standard ones, except for the few needed to perform system calls to get the user’s home directory, current Rubout key, etc. The <X11/Xresource.h> file is necessary to use the resource manager.

Example 14-1. basecalc — include files

#include <X11/Xlib.h>
#include <X11/Xutil.h>
#include <X11/Xresource.h>
#include <X11/cursorfont.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#ifdef SysV
#include <termio.h>
#else
#include <sgtty.h>
#include <sys/ttychars.h>
#endif SysV

#include <ctype.h>
#include <pwd.h>

/* Global declarations file for this application */
#include "basecalc.h"

The constant definitions and global variables declared or defined in ./basecalc.h are shown above the routines in which they are used in the basecalc example program. You can take a look at the entire include file in Appendix D.

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XLIB Programming Manual, Rel. 5, Third Edition

by Adrian Nye

14.2 Include Files

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