book

Wireless Optical Telecommunications

Name: Wireless Optical Telecommunications
Author: Olivier Bouchet
ISBN: 9781848213166

by Olivier Bouchet

May 2012

Intermediate to advanced

320 pages

6h 43m

English

Wiley

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Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Foreword
Acronyms
Introduction
Chapter 1: Light
Chapter 2: History of Optical Telecommunications
2.1. Some definitions2.1.1. Communicate2.1.2. Telecommunication2.1.3. Optical telecommunication2.1.4. Radio frequency or Hertzian waves2.2. The prehistory of telecommunications2.3. The optical aerial telegraph2.4. The code2.5. The optical telegraph2.5.1. The heliograph or solar telegraph2.5.2. The night and day optical telegraph2.6. Alexander Graham Bell’s photophone
Chapter 3: The Contemporary and the Everyday Life of Wireless Optical Communication
3.1. Basic principles3.1.1. Operating principle3.1.1.1. Block diagram3.1.2. The optical propagation3.1.2.1. Line of sight propagation – LOS3.1.2.2. Wide line of sight– WLOS3.1.2.3. Diffusion propagation (DIF) and controlled diffusion3.1.3. Elements of electromagnetics3.1.3.1. Maxwell’s equations in an unspecified medium3.1.3.2. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in an isotropic medium3.1.3.3. Energy associated to a wave3.1.3.4. Propagation of a wave in a non-homogeneous medium3.1.3.5. Coherent and incoherent waves3.1.3.6. Relations between electromagnetism and geometrical optics3.1.3.7. The electromagnetic spectrum3.1.3.8. Units and scales3.1.3.9. Examples of sources in the visible and near visible light3.1.3.10. Conclusion3.1.4. Models for data exchange3.1.4.1. The OSI model3.1.4.2. The DoD model3.2. Wireless optical communication3.2.1. Outdoor wireless optical communication3.2.1.1. Earth-satellite wireless optical communication3.2.1.2. Intersatellite wireless optical communication3.2.1.3. Free-space optic3.2.2. Indoor wireless optical communication3.2.2.1. The remote controller3.2.2.2. The visible light communication3.2.2.3. The IrDA solutions3.2.2.4. The indoor wireless optical network (WON)3.2.3. The institutional and technical ecosystem
Chapter 4: Propagation Model
4.1. Introduction4.2. Baseband equivalent model4.2.1. Radio propagation model4.2.2. Model of free-space optical propagation4.2.3. The signal-to-noise ratio4.3. Diffuse propagation link budget in a confined environment4.3.1. Intersymbol interference4.3.2. Reflection models4.3.2.1. Specular reflection4.3.2.2. Diffuse reflection4.3.2.3. Lambert’s model4.3.2.4. Phong’s model4.3.3. Modeling

Chapter 5: Propagation in the Atmosphere
5.1. Introduction5.2. The atmosphere5.2.1. The atmospheric gaseous composition5.2.2. Aerosols5.3. The propagation of light in the atmosphere5.3.1. Molecular absorption5.3.2. Molecular scattering5.3.3. Aerosol absorption5.3.4. Aerosol scattering5.4. Models5.4.1. Kruse and Kim models5.4.2. Bataille’s model5.4.2.1. Molecular extinction5.4.2.2. Aerosol extinction5.4.3. Al Naboulsi’s model5.4.4. Rain attenuation5.4.5. Snow attenuation5.4.6. Scintillation5.5. Experimental set-up5.6. Experimental results5.6.1. Comparaison with Kruse and Kim model (850 nm)5.6.2. Comparaison with Al Naboulsi’s model5.7. Fog, haze and mist5.8. The runway visual range (RVR)5.8.1. The visibility5.8.2. Measuring instruments5.8.2.1. The transmissometer5.8.2.2. The scatterometer5.9. Calculating process of an FSO link availability5.10. Conclusion
Chapter 6: Indoor Optic Link Budget
6.1. Emission and reception parameters6.1.1. Transmission device: parameters6.1.2. Reception device6.2. Link budget for line of sight communication6.2.1. Geometrical attenuation6.2.2. Optical margin6.2.3. Coverage6.2.4. Reciprocity and not reciprocity of the channel6.3. Link budget for communication with retroreflectors6.3.1. Principle of operation6.3.2. Optical budget6.4. Examples of optical budget and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)6.4.1. Examples of optical budget6.4.2. Examples of SNR and BER
Chapter 7: Immunity, Safety, Energy and Legislation
7.1. Immunity7.1.1. International references7.1.2. Type of laser classes7.1.3. Method for calculation7.2. The confidentiality of communication7.2.1. Physical confidentiality7.2.2. Numerical solution7.2.2.1. Cryptography7.2.2.2. Public and secret key cryptography7.2.2.3. Quantum cryptography7.2.2.4. Quantum telecommunications in free space7.2.2.5. Non-encrypted connections in confined space7.3. Energy7.4. Legislation7.4.1. Organization of regulation activities7.4.2. Regulation of wireless optical equipment
Chapter 8: Optics and Optronics
8.1. Overview8.2. Optronics: transmitters and receivers 8.2.1. Overviews on materials and structures8.2.2. Light sources8.2.2.1. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and spontaneous emission8.2.2.2. White LEDs or visible light communication (VLC) LED8.2.2.3. The semiconductor laser structure8.2.2.4. Synthesis8.2.3. Optronics receivers8.2.3.1. Photovoltaic cells8.2.3.2. PIN photodiode8.2.3.3. Avalanche photodiode8.2.3.4. Metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) structure8.3. Optics8.3.1. Transmitter optical device8.3.2. Receiver optical device8.3.3. Optical filtering8.3.3.1. Spatial filter or diaphragm8.3.3.2. Wavelength filters or attenuators8.3.4. Summary
Chapter 9: Data Processing
9.1. Introduction9.2. Modulation9.2.1. On-off keying (OOK) modulation9.2.2. The pulse position modulation9.2.3. The orthogonalfrequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)9.2.4. The diversity: MIMO9.2.5. Summary9.3. The coding9.3.1. Principle and definitions9.3.1.1. Principle9.3.1.2. Definitions9.3.1.2.1. Coding efficiency9.3.1.2.2. Correction power and code detection9.3.2. Example of coding9.3.2.1. Basic codes9.3.2.1.1. The parity check9.3.2.1.2. The cyclic redundancy check9.3.2.2. Block codes9.3.2.2.1. BCH codes9.3.2.2.2. RS codes9.3.2.3. Convolutional codes9.3.3. Summary
Chapter 10: Data Transmission
10.1. Introduction10.1.1. Definition10.1.2. The access methods10.1.2.1. Time division multiple access10.1.2.2. Frequency division multiple access10.1.2.3. Code division multiple access10.1.2.4. Carrier sense multiple access10.1.2.5. Wavelength division multiple access10.1.2.6. Space division multiple access10.1.3. Quality of service parameters10.2. Point-to-point link10.2.1. The remote control10.2.2. Infrared Data Association10.2.3. Visible light communication consortium10.3. Point-to-multipoint data link10.3.1. IEEE 802.11 IR10.3.2. ICSA – STB50 (IEEE 802.3 – Ethernet)10.3.3. IEEE 802.15.310.3.4. IEEE 802.15.710.3.5. Optical wireless media access control10.4. Summary
Chapter 11: Installation and System Engineering
11.1. Free-space optic system engineering and installation11.1.1. Principle of operation11.1.2. Characteristics11.1.2.1. Principal parameters11.1.2.1.1. Range11.1.2.1.2. Safety11.1.2.1.3. Data rate and type of recommended application11.1.2.2. Secondary parameters11.1.2.3. Examples of FSO systems11.1.3. Implementation recommendations11.1.4. Optic link budget11.1.4.1. Geometrical attenuation concept11.1.4.2. Link margin concept11.1.5. FSO link availability11.1.5.1. Characteristics11.1.5.2. Results11.1.6. Summary11.2. Wireless optical system installation engineering in limited space11.2.1. Habitat structure11.2.2. Statistical analysis and coverage area11.2.3. Optical link budget11.2.4. Optimization of indoor wireless optical system
Chapter 12: Conclusion
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Geometrical Optics, Photometry and Energy Elements
A1.1. Geometrical optics elementsA1.1.1. Refractive indexA1.1.2. Fermat’s principleA1.1.3. Snell–Descartes’ lawsA1.1.4. Definitions: sources, image, andfocal pointA1.2. Photometry elementsA1.2.1. SteradianA1.2.2. Solid angleA1.2.3. Light intensityA1.2.4. Luminous fluxA1.2.5. IlluminationA1.2.6. LuminanceA1.2.7. Conversion of visual photometry into energetic photometryA1.2.8. Bouguer’s relationA1.2.9. Energy flux or radiated power PA1.2.10. Source intensity IA1.2.11. Luminance of a source LA1.2.12. Illumination of a receiving surface EA1.2.13. Geometrical extent GA1.3. Equivalence between visual and energetic photometry
Appendix 2: The Decibel Unit (dB)
Bibliography
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Equations
Index

Overview

Wireless optical communication refers to communication based on the unguided propagation of optical waves. The past 30 years have seen significant improvements in this technique - a wireless communication solution for the current millennium - that offers an alternative to radio systems; a technique that could gain attractiveness due to recent concerns regarding the potential effects of radiofrequency waves on human health.

The aim of this book is to look at the free space optics that are already used for the exchange of current information; its many benefits, such as incorporating channel properties, propagation models, link budgets, data processing including coding, modulation, standards and concerns around health and safety (IEC 60825 or FCC - Class 1 for example), etc. will become indispensable over the next decade in addressing computer architectures for short-, medium- and long-range telecommunications as we move from gigabytes to terabytes per second.

Wireless Optical Communications is an excellent tool for any engineer wanting to learn about wireless optical communications or involved in the implementation of real complete systems. Students will find a wide range of information and useful concepts such as those relating to propagation, optics and photometry, as well the necessary information on safety.

Contents

1. Light.

2. History of Optical Telecommunications.

3. The Contemporary and the Everyday Life of Wireless Optical Communication.

4. Propagation Model.

5. Propagation in the Atmosphere.

6. Indoor Optic Link Budget.

7. Immunity, Safety, Energy and Legislation.

8. Optics and Optronics.

9. Data Processing.

10. Data Transmission.

11. Installation and System Engineering.

12. Conclusion.

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