book

Non-standard Antennas

by François Le Chevalier, Dominique Lesselier, Robert Staraj

May 2011

Intermediate to advanced

480 pages

11h 13m

English

Wiley

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1.1. Introduction1.2. Space diversity versus beamforming1.3. Signal model1.4. Beamforming by SNR maximization1.5. Combining transmit diversity and beamforming1.6. Minimum variance criterion1.6.1. Criterion formulation1.6.2. Simulation results1.6.2.1. Non-line-of-sight scenario1.6.2.2. Line-of-sight scenario1.7. Minimum BER criterion1.7.1. Criterion formulation1.7.2. Simulation results1.8. Conclusion1.9. Bibliography
2.1. Introduction2.2. Basic ultrasonic transducers2.2.1. Transducer performance2.2.2. Single-element transducer design2.2.3. Material aspects2.2.4. Radiation of single-element transducers2.3. Transducer arrays2.4. Piezoelectric material issues2.4.1. Material requirements2.4.2. Piezocomposite materials2.4.3. Piezoelectric material characterization2.5. Modeling, design and characterization of ultrasonic antennas2.5.1. Modeling transducer performance2.5.2. Tools for evaluation of transducer performance2.6. High frequency (HF) acoustic antennas for biomedical microscanning applications2.7. New acoustic antennas based on technology of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers2.7.1. Structure of cMUT transducers2.7.2. Basic electromechanical properties of cMUT2.7.3. Modeling a cMUT loaded with fluid2.8. Conclusion2.9. Bibliography
3.1. Introduction3.2. Colored space-time exploration3.2.1. Digital beamforming (DBF)3.2.2. Colored transmission3.2.2.1. Principles3.2.2.2. Circulating pulse3.2.2.3. Fast scanning (intra-pulse scanning)3.2.2.4. Circulating chirp3.2.2.5. Bidimensional frequency coding3.2.2.6. Target coherence and diversity gains3.3. Interleaved scanning3.4. Wideband GMTI [LEC 02]3.5. Conclusion3.6. Bibliography
4.1. Multifunction radio frequency (RF) systems4.1.1. Multimission platforms and multifunction RF systems4.1.2. Analysis of operational use and possible sharing alternatives4.1.3. Analysis of several multifunction RF systems in the framework of the SIMEF project4.1.4. Technological requirements for multifunction RF systems4.2. Multifunction RF systems and Ultra-Wideband (UWB) radars4.2.1. Characteristics of UWB RF front-end4.2.2. Reuse of a multifunction RF system for a UWB radar function4.2.3. Example of UWB radar function added to a multifunction RF system4.3. Conclusion4.4. Bibliography

5.1. Introduction5.2. Synthesis of the electro-optic polymer5.2.1. Electro-optic polymer synthesis5.2.2. Physical properties of polymer PIII5.3. Antenna design5.4. Device fabrication and poling5.5. Experimental setup5.6. Results5.7. Conclusion5.8. Acknowledgments5.9. Bibliography
6.1. Introduction6.1.1. First approach6.1.2. Second approach6.2. UWB THz antennas for superconducting hot electron bolometers6.2.1. Background on UWB antenna geometry6.2.2. The log-periodic planar geometry6.2.3. Input impedance of the planar log-periodic antenna6.2.4. Surface currents of the planar log-periodic antenna6.2.5. Planar log-periodic antenna: design of a large scale microwave model6.2.6. Radiation patterns of the planar log-periodic antenna6.2.7. Electromagnetic coupling between neighboring array elements6.2.8. Log-periodic planar antenna implementation with a cryogenic THz detector6.3. High-impedance THz antennas for semiconducting bolometers6.3.1. High-impedance wideband structures6.3.2. Simulations and measurements: technological approach6.3.3. Wideband angular concept: spiral antenna6.3.4. Modified spiral: square spiral antenna6.3.5. Log-periodic concept: array of dipoles6.3.6. New concept: multi-tail dipole antenna with ground plane6.3.7. THz multi-tail dipole: implementation example6.4. Conclusion6.5. Acknowledgments6.6. Bibliography
7.1. Introduction7.2. Overview7.3. Technology and first design7.4. Optimization and final design7.5. The whole antenna: horn + reflector7.6. Comparison to measurements7.7. Conclusion7.8. Acknowledgment7.9. Bibliography
8.1. Introduction8.2. Active antennas8.3. Active components used for reconfiguration8.3.1. The varactor diode8.3.2. The PIN diode8.4. Printed antennas and compact antennas8.5. Frequency reconfigurable antennas8.5.1. Continuous frequency reconfiguration8.5.1.1. Printed and compact antennas8.5.1.2. Compact antennas with shorting pins8.5.2. Frequency hopping reconfiguration8.6. Radiation pattern reconfiguration8.6.1. Printed arrays8.6.2. DC and RF electrical circuits8.6.2.1. DC bias polarization circuits8.6.2.2. Passive microwave circuits8.6.2.3. Active microwave phase shifters8.6.3. Antennas with integrated phase shifters8.7. Polarization agile antennas8.8. Self-adjusting antennas8.8.1. Self adjusting frequency agile microstrip antennas8.8.2. Self-adjusting polarization agile microstrip antennas8.9. Conclusion8.10. Acknowledgments8.11. Bibliography
9.1. Introduction9.2. Wideband antenna and metamaterial9.2.1. How to design a wideband antenna?9.2.1.1. Physical approach9.2.1.2. Geometrical approach9.2.2. What kind of metamaterial?9.2.2.1. Context9.2.2.2. Problem9.3. How to characterize an artificial magnetic conductor?9.3.1. Principle9.3.2. Example9.4. Narrow bandwidth antenna above an AMC9.4.1. Dipole and AMC9.4.2. Dipole and PMC9.5. Wideband antenna placed above an AMC9.5.1. Archimedean spiral above an AMC9.5.2. Bow-Tie antenna above an AMC9.6. Very wideband antenna placed above an AMC9.7. Conclusions9.8. Acknowledgments9.9. Bibliography
10.1. Introduction10.2. Antenna study10.3. Analysis of the phenomena10.4. Phenomenological model of the radiating array10.5. Conclusion10.6. Bibliography
11.1. Introduction11.1.1. Standard processing for DOA estimation11.1.2. New operational needs and advanced DOA estimation techniques11.2. Observation model, problem formulation and standard MUSIC method11.2.1. Observation model11.2.2. Problem formulation11.2.3. Standard MUSIC method11.3. Non-selective advanced DOA estimation techniques11.3.1. Presentation11.3.2. DOA estimation methods exploiting diversely polarized antennas11.3.3. Sequential DOA estimation techniques11.3.4. Non-circular DOA estimation methods11.3.5. Spatio-temporal DOA estimation methods11.4. Selective advanced DOA estimation methods11.4.1. Presentation11.4.2. DOA estimation techniques with a reference or cooperative DOA estimation techniques11.4.3. Cyclic DOA estimation methods11.4.4. Higher Order DOA estimation methods11.4.5. DOA estimation methods after blind identification of the signatures11.5. Conclusion11.6. Bibliography
12.1. Introduction12.2. Functions performed by the principal sensors of a fighter aircraft12.3. Technique of active antennas12.4. Multifunction antennas12.4.1. Antenna architecture12.4.1.1. Assembling technology12.4.1.2. Allocation of transmit/receive functions12.4.1.3. Multiple polarization12.4.2. Dual-polarization antenna12.5. Model for the antenna12.6. Potential prospects12.7. Conclusion12.8. Bibliography
13.1. Introduction13.2. Port/starboard beamforming on a triplet array13.2.1. Conventional (or cardioid) beamforming and limitations13.2.2. Adaptive port-starboard beamforming:13.2.3. Experimental at-sea results13.2.4. Conclusion13.3. Adaptive beamforming on a triplet array for reverberation reduction13.3.1. Introduction13.3.2. Conclusion13.4. Bibliography
14.1. Introduction14.2. Problem formulation14.3. Description of lab experiment14.3.1. Context14.3.2. General principle14.3.2.1. Compensation methods14.3.2.1.1. Use of signals transmitted by sources with known locations14.3.2.1.2. Antenna shape estimation using strain gauges14.3.2.2. Direction finding with antenna shape estimation14.3.3. Experiment14.3.3.1. Description14.3.3.2. Results14.3.3.2.1. Performance of localization – reference case14.3.3.2.2. Performance of localization – effects of deformations on interferometry14.3.3.2.3. Performance of localization – methods of compensation14.4. Conclusion14.5. Bibliography
15.1. Introduction15.2. Impact of antenna distortions on radar systems15.2.1. Array factor of deformed antennas15.2.2. Impact on antenna pointing15.2.3. Parameters of targets in the pointing direction15.2.4. Conclusion and compensation method15.3. Instrumentation of deformable antennas15.3.1. Mechanical analysis15.3.2. Optical Sensor15.4. Compensation with knowledge of the antenna shape15.4.1. Phase compensation in the main direction15.4.2. Compensation by spectral analysis of deformations15.4.2.1. Expression of the ideal array factor15.4.2.2. Factor expression deformed network15.5. Experimentation on a deformable antenna mock-up15.6. Conclusion15.7. Bibliography
16.1. Introduction16.2. State of the art16.3. MAGIC ATOLS main features16.4. Radar features16.4.1. Functional performances16.4.2. Wave form16.4.3. Elevation Angular localization16.4.4. Low elevation processing16.4.4.1. Ground reflection issues16.5. MAGIC ATOLS processing for low elevation measurement16.5.1. Principle16.5.2. Antenna architecture16.6. On the field experimental results16.7. Conclusion16.8. Bibliography
17.1. Satellite navigation principles17.1.1. Triangulation17.1.2. GNSS signals: the GPS example17.2. Vulnerability of the GNSS signals17.2.1. GNSS signal power17.2.2. Example of interference scenario17.3. GNSS antennas17.3.1. GNSS standard antennas17.3.2. Non-standard GNSS antennas17.3.3. Equipment upgrade17.4. Anti-jamming principles17.4.1. Space processing17.4.1.1. Data model17.4.1.2. The power minimization solution17.4.1.3. Synthetic antenna17.4.2. Space-time processing17.4.3. Beamforming17.4.3.1. Goal of beamforming17.4.3.2. Conventional beamforming17.4.3.3. Adaptive beamforming17.5. Antenna and associated electronics integration17.5.1. Antenna array examples17.5.2. Antenna electronics evolution17.6. New functions associated with the antenna array17.6.1. Detection of interferences17.6.1.1. Subspace principle17.6.1.2. AIC criterion17.6.2. Interferences location17.6.2.1. BARTLETT method17.6.2.2. CAPON method17.6.2.3. MUSIC method17.6.2.4. Min-norm method17.6.2.5. ESPRIT method17.7. Conclusion17.8. Bibliography
18.1. Introduction18.2. The principles implemented through two applications18.2.1. The radar cross-section measurement in UHF-VHF18.2.2. An impulse UWB radar with aperture synthesis: PULSAR18.2.2.1. Problem of electromagnetic detection18.2.2.2. PULSAR project18.3. The ultra-wideband antennas18.4. Limitations of a mono-source device: implementation of multi-source devices with optoelectronic excitation18.4.1. RUGBI project18.4.2. Last evolutions around multisource systems18.5. Pulse antenna systems in high power microwaves18.6. Conclusion18.7. Bibliography
19.1. The interest in co-design19.2. Low noise amplifier19.3. The antenna19.4. Co-design methodology19.4.1. Introduction19.4.2. Concept of transducer gain19.4.3. Variation of the circuit transducer gain19.4.4. Implementing joint optimization19.5. Protocols and measurement results19.6. Bibliography
20.1. Introduction20.2. Deterministic channel model based on ray tracing20.2.1. PyRay channel simulation tool20.2.1.1. Simulator architecture20.2.1.2. Propagation channel – ray tracing20.2.1.3. Transmission channel20.2.1.4. Method for received signal reconstruction20.2.2. Antenna related issues20.3. Antenna vector function description via VSH20.3.1. VSH analysis step20.3.2. Calculation of VSH basis (V and W)20.3.3. VSH synthesis step20.3.4. VSH expansion example20.3.5. Data compression for antenna data storage20.4. Immediate RT tool application20.4.1. Antenna vector function synthesis20.4.2. Application to IR-UWB signals20.5. Conclusions20.6. Bibliography

Overview

This book aims at describing the wide variety of new technologies and concepts of non-standard antenna systems - reconfigurable, integrated, terahertz, deformable, ultra-wideband, using metamaterials, or MEMS, etc, and how they open the way to a wide range of applications, from personal security and communications to multifunction radars and towed sonars, or satellite navigation systems, with space-time diversity on transmit and receive. A reference book for designers in this lively scientific community linking antenna experts and signal processing engineers.