ObjectivesKey TermsIntroduction (4.0)Network Protocols (4.1)Network Communications Process (4.1.1)Views of the Network (4.1.1.1)Client-Server Communications (4.1.1.2)A Typical Session: Student (4.1.1.3)A Typical Session: Gamer (4.1.1.4)A Typical Session: Surgeon (4.1.1.5)Tracing the Path (4.1.1.6)Communications Protocols (4.1.2)What Are Protocols? (4.1.2.1)Network Protocol Suites (4.1.2.2)The TCP/IP Protocol Suite (4.1.2.3)Format, Size, and Timing (4.1.2.4)Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast (4.1.2.5)Reference Models (4.1.2.6)Three Addresses (4.1.2.7)Encapsulation (4.1.2.8)Scenario: Sending and Receiving a Web Page (4.1.2.9)Ethernet and Internet Protocol (IP) (4.2)Ethernet (4.2.1)The Ethernet Protocol (4.2.1.1)The Ethernet Frame (4.2.1.2)MAC Address Format (4.2.1.3)IPv4 (4.2.2)IPv4 Encapsulation (4.2.2.1)IPv4 Characteristics (4.2.2.2)The IPv4 Packet (4.2.2.4)IPv4 Addressing Basics (4.2.3)IPv4 Address Notation (4.2.3.1)IPv4 Host Address Structure (4.2.3.2)IPv4 Subnet Mask and Network Address (4.2.3.3)Subnetting Broadcast Domains (4.2.3.4)Types of IPv4 Addresses (4.2.4)IPv4 Address Classes and Default Subnet Masks (4.2.4.1)Reserved Private Addresses (4.2.4.2)The Default Gateway (4.2.5)Host Forwarding Decision (4.2.5.1)Default Gateway (4.2.5.2)Using the Default Gateway (4.2.5.3)IPv6 (4.2.6)Need for IPv6 (4.2.6.1)IPv6 Size and Representation (4.2.6.2)IPv6 Address Formatting (4.2.6.3)IPv6 Prefix Length (4.2.6.4)Connectivity Verification (4.3)ICMP (4.3.1)ICMPv4 Messages (4.3.1.1)ICMPv6 RS and RA Messages (4.3.1.2)Ping and Traceroute Utilities (4.3.2)Ping: Testing the Local Stack (4.3.2.1)Ping: Testing Connectivity to the Local LAN (4.3.2.2)Ping: Testing Connectivity to Remote Host (4.3.2.3)Traceroute: Testing the Path (4.3.2.4)ICMP Packet Format (4.3.2.5)Address Resolution Protocol (4.4)MAC and IP (4.4.1)Destination on the Same Network (4.4.1.1)Destination on a Remote Network (4.4.1.2)ARP (4.4.2)Introduction to ARP (4.4.2.1)ARP Functions (4.4.2.2)Removing Entries from an ARP Table (4.4.2.6)ARP Tables on Networking Devices (4.4.2.7)ARP Issues (4.4.3)ARP Broadcasts (4.4.3.1)ARP Spoofing (4.4.3.2)The Transport Layer (4.5)Transport Layer Characteristics (4.5.1)Transport Layer Protocol Role in Network Communication (4.5.1.1)Transport Layer Mechanisms (4.5.1.2)TCP Local and Remote Ports (4.5.1.3)Socket Pairs (4.5.1.4)TCP vs. UDP (4.5.1.5)TCP and UDP Headers (4.5.1.6)Transport Layer Operation (4.5.2)TCP Port Allocation (4.5.2.1)A TCP Session Part I: Connection Establishment and Termination (4.5.2.2)A TCP Session Part II: Data Transfer (4.5.2.6)A UDP Session (4.5.2.9)Network Services (4.6)DHCP (4.6.1)DHCP Overview (4.6.1.1)DHCPv4 Message Format (4.6.1.2)DNS (4.6.2)DNS Overview (4.6.2.1)The DNS Domain Hierarchy (4.6.2.2)The DNS Lookup Process (4.6.2.3)DNS Message Format (4.6.2.4)Dynamic DNS (4.6.2.5)The WHOIS Protocol (4.6.2.6)NAT (4.6.3)NAT Overview (4.6.3.1)NAT-Enabled Routers (4.6.3.2)Port Address Translation (4.6.3.3)File Transfer and Sharing Services (4.6.4)FTP and TFTP (4.6.4.1)SMB (4.6.4.2)Email (4.6.5)Email Overview (4.6.5.1)SMTP (4.6.5.2)POP3 (4.6.5.3)IMAP (4.6.5.4)HTTP (4.6.6)HTTP Overview (4.6.6.1)The HTTP URL (4.6.6.2)The HTTP Protocol (4.6.6.3)HTTP Status Codes (4.6.6.4)Summary (4.7)PracticeCheck Your Understanding