Control Systems Engineering

2

PHYSICAL SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS

2.1 Introduction

Modeling is the process of obtaining a desired mathematical description of a physical ­system. The basic differential equations that may be linear or non-linear for any physical system are obtained by using appropriate laws. The differential equations thus obtained can make the analysis of the system easier. Laplace transformation tool is applied to these ­differential ­equations to get the transfer function of the physical system. In this chapter, the ­differential equations and the transfer functions for physical systems such as ­electromechanical, ­hydraulic, pneumatic, liquid level and thermal systems are obtained. The control system components such as controllers, potentiometers, synchros, ...