Special VUI ConsiderationsBackground Research on Users and Use CasesDon’t Reinvent the WheelDesigning a Study with Real UsersTask DefinitionChoosing ParticipantsQuestions to AskOpen responses (to be asked verbally)Things to Look ForEarly-Stage TestingSample DialogsMock-upsWizard of Oz TestingDifference Between WOz and Usability TestingUsability TestingRemote TestingModerated versus unmoderatedVideo recordingServices for remote testingLab TestingGuerrilla TestingPerformance MeasuresNext StepsTesting VUIS in Cars, Devices, and RobotsCarsDevices and RobotsConclusion