book

Disturbance Analysis for Power Systems

Name: Disturbance Analysis for Power Systems
Author: Mohamed A. Ibrahim
ISBN: 9780470916810

by Mohamed A. Ibrahim

October 2011

Intermediate

736 pages

20h 23m

English

Wiley-IEEE Press

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Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Chapter 1: Power System Disturbance Analysis Function
1.1 Analysis Function of Power System Disturbances1.2 Objective of DFR Disturbance Analysis1.3 Determination of Power System Equipment Health Through System Disturbance Analysis1.4 Description of DFR Equipment1.5 Information Required for the Analysis of System Disturbances1.6 Signals to be Monitored by a Fault Recorder1.7 DFR Trigger Settings of Monitored Voltages and Currents1.8 DFR and Numerical Relay Sampling Rate and Frequency Response1.9 Oscillography Fault Records Generated by Numerical Relaying1.10 Integration and Coordination of Data Collected from Intelligent Electronic Devices1.11 DFR Software Analysis Packages1.12 Verification of DFR Accuracy in Monitoring Substation Ground Currents1.13 Using DFR Records to Validate Power System Short-Circuit Study Models1.14 COMTRADE StandardReferences
Chapter 2: Phenomena Related to System Faults and the Process of Clearing Faults from a Power System
2.1 Shunt Fault Types Occurring in a Power System2.2 Classification of Shunt Faults2.3 Types of Series UNBALANCE in a Power System2.4 Causes of Disturbance in a Power System2.5 Fault Incident Point2.6 Symmetric and Asymmetric Fault Currents2.7 Arc-Over or Flashover at the Voltage Peak2.8 Evolving Faults2.9 Simultaneous Faults2. 10 Solid or Bolted (RF = 0) Close-in Phase-to-Ground Faults2.11 Sequential Clearing Leading to a Stub Fault that Shows a Solid (RF = 0) Remote Line-to-Ground Fault2.12 Sequential Clearing Leading to a Stub Fault that Shows a Resistive Remote Line-to-Ground Fault2.13 High-Resistance Tree Line-to-Ground Faults2.14 High-Resistance Line-to-Ground Fault Confirming the Resistive Nature of the Fault Impedance When Fed from One Side Only (Stub)2.15 Phase-to-Ground Faults on an Ungrounded System2.16 Current in Unfaulted Phases During Line-to-Ground Faults2.17 Line-to-Ground Fault on the Grounded-Wye (GY) Side of a Delta/GY Transformer2.18 Line-to-Line Fault on the Grounded-Wye Side of a Delta/GY Transformer2.19 Line-to-Line Fault on the Delta Side of a Delta/GY Transformer with no Source Connected to the Delta Winding2.20 Subcycle Relay Operating Time During an EHV Double-Phase-to-Ground Fault2.21 Self-Clearing of a C-g Fault Inside an Oil Circuit Breaker Tank2.22 Self-Clearing of a B-g Fault Caused by a Line Insulator Flashover2.23 Delayed Clearing of a Pilot Scheme Due to a Delayed Communication Signal2.24 Sequential Clearing of a Line-to-Ground Fault2.25 Step-Distance Clearing of an L-g Fault2.26 Ground Fault Clearing in Steps by an Instantaneous Ground Element at one end and a Ground Time Overcurrent Element at the other end2.27 Ground fault Clearing by Remote Backup Following the Failures of both Primary and Local Backup (Breaker Failure) Protection Systems2.28 Breaker Failure Clearing of a Line-to-Ground Fault2.29 Determination of the Fault Incident Point and Classification of Faults Using a Comparison MethodReferences
Chapter 3: Power System Phenomena and Their Impact on Relay System Performance
3.1 Power System Oscillations Leading to Simultaneous Tripping of both ends of a Transmission Line and the Tripping of one end Only on an Adjacent Line3.2 Generator Oscillations Triggered by a Combination of L-g Fault, Loss of Generation, and Undesired Tripping of three 138-kV Lines3.3 Stable Power Swing Generated During Successful Synchronization of a 200-MW Unit3.4 Major System Disturbance Leading to Different Oscillations for Different Transmission Lines Emanating from the same Substation3.5 Appearance of 120-Hz Current at a Generator Rotor During a High-Side Phase-to-Ground Fault3.6 Generator Negative-Sequence Current Flow During Unbalanced Faults3.7 Inadvertent (Accidental) Energization of a 170-MW Hydro Generating Unit3.8 Appearance of Third-Harmonic Voltage at Generator Neutral3.9 Variations of Generator Neutral Third-Harmonic Voltage Magnitude During System Faults3.10 Generator Active and Reactive Power Outputs During a GSU High-Side L-g Fault3.11 Loss of Excitation of a 200-MW Unit3.12 Generator Trapped (Decayed) Energy3.13 Nonzero Current Crossing During Faults and Mis-Synchronization Events3.14 Generator Neutral Zero-Sequence Voltage Coupling Through Step-Up Transformer Interwinding Capacitance During a High-Side Ground Fault3.15 Energizing a Transformer with a Fault on the High Side within the Differential Zone3.16 Transformer Inrush Currents3.17 Inrush Currents During Energization of the Grounded-Wye Side of a YG/Delta Transformer3.18 Inrush Currents During Energization of a Transformer Delta Side3.19 Two-Phase Energization of an Autotransformer with a Delta Winding Tertiary During a Simultaneous L-g Fault and an Open Phase3.20 Phase Shift of 30° Across the Delta/Wye Transformer Banks3.21 Zero-Sequence Current Contribution from a Remote Two-Winding delta/YG Transformer3.22 Conventional Power-Regulating Transformer Core type Acting as a Zero-Sequence Source3.23 Circuit Breaker Re-Strikes3.24 Circuit Breaker Pole Disagreement During a Closing Operation3.25 Circuit Breaker Opening Resistors3.26 Secondary Current Backfeeding to Breaker Failure Fault Detectors3.27 Magnetic Flux Cancellation3.28 Current Transformer Saturation3.29 Current Transformer Saturation During an Out-of-Step System Condition Initiated by Mis-Synchronization of a Generator Breaker3.30 Capacitive Voltage Transformer Transient3.31 Bushing Potential Device Transient During Deenergization of an EHV Line3.32 Capacitor Bank Breaker Re-Strike Following Interruption of a Capacitor Normal Current3.33 Capacitor Bank Closing Transient3.34 Shunt Capacitor Bank Outrush into Close-in System Faults3.35 SCADA Closing into a Three-Phase Fault3.36 Automatic Reclosing into a Permanent Line-to-Ground Fault3.37 Successful High-Speed Reclosing Following a Line-to-Ground Fault3.38 Zero-Sequence Mutual Coupling–Induced Voltage3.39 Mutual Coupling Phenomenon Causing False Tripping of a High-Impedance Bus Differential Relay During a Line Phase-to-Ground Fault3.40 Appearance of Nonsinusoidal Neutral Current During the Clearing of Three-Phase Faults3.41 Current Reversal on Parallel Lines During Faults3.42 Ferranti Voltage Rise3.43 Voltage Oscillation on EHV Lines Having Shunt Reactors at their Ends3.44 Lightning Strike on an Adjacent Line Followed by a C-g Fault Caused by a Separate Lightning Strike on the Monitored Line3.45 Spill Over of a 345-kV Surge Arrester Used to Protect a Cable Connection, Prior to its Failure3.46 Scale Saturation of an A/D Converter Caused by a Calibration Setting Error3.47 Appearance of Subsidence Current at the Instant of Fault Interruption3.48 Energizing of a Medium Voltage Motor that has an Incorrect Formation of the Stator Wining neutral3.49 Phase Angle Change from Loading Condition to Fault ConditionReferences
Chapter 4: Case Studies Related to Generator System Disturbances
4.1 Generator Protection BasicsCase StudiesReferences
Chapter 5: Case Studies Related to Transformer System Disturbances
5.1 Transformer Basics5.2 Transformer Differential Protection Basics5.3 Case StudiesReferences

Chapter 6: Case Studies Related to Overhead Transmission-Line System Disturbances
6.1 Line Protection Basics6.2 Case StudiesReferences
Chapter 7: Case Studies Related to Cable Transmission Feeder System Disturbances
Case StudiesReferences
Chapter 8: Case Studies Related to Breaker Failure Protection System Disturbances
8.1 Breaker Failure Protection BasicsCase StudiesReferences
Chapter 9: Problems
Index

Content preview from Disturbance Analysis for Power Systems

Chapter 3

Power System Phenomena and Their Impact on Relay System Performance

Power system phenomena are normally captured and defined during the analysis of power system disturbances. Power system phenomena provide useful and basic information and knowledge that can enhance the required background for sound relaying basics. In addition, it can enhance the system disturbance analysis process to arrive at the correct time line that makes it possible to isolate the faulted element and restore service to the balance of the power system. The effects on the relaying system are also highlighted, so that the relay system design and its intended function can be optimized.

In this section we document most of these phenomena as they appear on DFR and numerical relay fault records. The power system phenomena and related behaviors of the protection systems are supported by DFR and numerical oscillography records. Involved are generator rotor oscillations with the power system during out-of-step conditions and synchronization events; appearance of 120 Hz in the rotor surface during faults and unbalanced conditions; flow of the third harmonic and its variations in a generator neutral grounding system; negative-sequence current flow in generators; active (MW) and reactive (MVAR) generator outputs during machine terminal faults; inadvertent generator energization; generator loss of excitation; generator-trapped decayed energy; generator neutral zero-sequence voltage coupling through step-up transformer ...

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Disturbance Analysis for Power Systems

by Mohamed A. Ibrahim

Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
and much more.