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Electric Power Distribution Engineering, 4th Edition

Name: Electric Power Distribution Engineering, 4th Edition
ISBN: 9781003855682

by Turan Gönen, Chee-Wooi Ten, Ali Mehrizi-Sani

March 2024

Intermediate to advanced

480 pages

13h 35m

English

CRC Press

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Cover Page
Half-Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Contents
Preface
Authors
Notation
Part I Introduction to Distribution System Planning

Chapter 1 Distribution System Planning and Automation
1.1 Introduction1.2 State-of-the-Art Update1.3 Distribution System Planning1.4 Factors Influencing System Planning1.4.1 Load Forecasting1.4.2 Substation Expansion1.4.3 Substation Site Selection1.4.4 Other Factors1.5 Present Distribution System Techniques1.6 Distribution System Planning Models1.6.1 Enhancing Distribution System Planning through Optimization Algorithms1.6.2 New Expansion Planning1.6.3 Augmentation and Upgrades1.6.4 Operational Planning1.6.5 Benefits of Optimization Applications1.7 Distribution System Planning in the Future1.7.1 Economic Factors1.7.2 Demographic Factors1.7.3 Technological Factors1.8 Future Establishment in Distribution Planning1.8.1 Increasingly Changing Grid Dynamics1.8.2 Impacts of Demand-Side Management1.8.3 Cost/Benefit Ratio for Innovation1.8.4 New Planning Tools1.9 Embracing Evolving Technologies and Refined Models1.9.1 System Approach1.9.2 Leveraging Cloud Computing for Efficient Information M Retrieval1.9.3 Emerging Paradigms
Part II Profiling Electrical Loads
Chapter 2 Load Characteristics
2.1 Introduction2.2 State-of-the-Art Update2.3 Basic Definitions2.4 Relationship Between the Load and Loss Factors2.5 Maximum Diversified Demand2.6 Rate Structure2.6.1 Customer Billing2.6.2 Fuel Cost Adjustment
Chapter 3 Application of Distribution Transformers
3.1 Introduction3.2 State-of-the-Art Update3.3 Types of Distribution Transformers3.4 Regulation3.5 Transformer Efficiency3.6 Terminal or Lead Markings3.7 Transformer Polarity3.8 Distribution Transformer Loading Guides3.9 Equivalent Circuits of a Transformer3.10 Single Phase Transformer Connections3.10.1 General3.10.2 Single Phase Transformer Paralleling3.11 Three-Phase Connections3.11.1 Δ–Δ Transformer Connection3.11.2 Open-Δ Open-Δ Transformer Connection3.11.3 Y–Y Transformer Connection3.11.4 Y–Δ Transformer Connection3.11.5 Open-Y Open-Δ Transformer Connection3.11.6 Δ–Y Transformer Connection3.12 Three Phase Transformers
Part III Projecting Network Expansion
Chapter 4 Design of Subtransmission Lines and Distribution Substations
4.1 Introduction4.2 Subtransmission4.3 State-of-the-Art Update4.4 Distribution Substations4.5 Substation Bus Schemes4.6 Substation Location4.7 Rating of a Distribution Substation4.8 General Case: Substation Service Area with n Primary Feeders4.9 Comparison of the Four and Six Feeder Patterns4.10 Derivation of the K Constant4.11 Substation Application Curves4.12 Interpretation of Percent Voltage Drop Formula4.13 Capability of Facilities
Chapter 5 Design Considerations of Primary Systems
5.1 Introduction5.2 State-of-the-Art Update5.3 Radial-Type Primary Feeders5.4 Loop-Type Primary Feeder5.5 Primary Network5.6 Primary-Feeder Voltage Levels5.7 Primary-Feeder Loading5.8 Tie Lines5.9 Distribution Feeder Exit: Rectangular-Type Development5.10 Radial-Type Development5.11 Radial Feeders with Uniformly Distributed Load5.12 Radial Feeders with Nonuniformly Distributed Load5.13 Application of the A,B,C,D General Circuit Constants to Radial M Feeders5.14 Design of Radial Primary Distribution Systems5.14.1 Overhead Primaries5.14.2 Underground Residential Distribution5.15 Primary System Costs
Chapter 6 Design Considerations of Secondary Systems
6.1 Introduction6.2 State-of-the-Art Update6.3 Secondary Voltage Levels6.4 Present Design Practice6.5 Secondary Banking6.6 Secondary Networks6.6.1 Secondary Mains6.6.2 Limiters6.6.3 Network Protectors6.6.4 High-Voltage Switch6.6.5 Network Transformers6.6.6 Transformer Application Factor6.7 Spot Networks6.8 Economic Design of Secondaries6.8.1 Patterns and Some of the Variables6.8.2 Further Assumptions6.8.3 General TAC Equation6.8.4 Illustrating the Assembly of Cost Data6.8.5 Illustrating the Estimation of Circuit Loading6.8.6 Developed Total Annual Cost Equation6.8.7 Minimization of the Total Annual Costs6.8.8 Other Constraints6.9 Unbalanced Load and Voltages6.10 Secondary System Costs
Chapter 7 Voltage-Drop and Power-Loss Calculations
7.1 State-of-the-Art Review7.2 Three-Phase Balanced Primary Lines7.3 Non-Three-Phase Primary Lines7.3.1 Single-Phase Two-Wire Laterals with Ungrounded Neutral7.3.2 Single-Phase Two-Wire Ungrounded Laterals7.3.3 Single-Phase Two-Wire Laterals with Multigrounded Common Neutrals7.3.4 Two-Phase Plus Neutral (Open-Wye) Laterals7.4 Four-Wire Multigrounded Common Neutral Distribution System7.5 Percent Power (or Copper) Loss7.6 Method to Analyze Distribution Costs7.6.1 Annual Equivalent of Investment Costs7.6.2 Annual Equivalent of Energy Cost7.6.3 Annual Equivalent of Demand Cost7.6.4 Levelized Annual Cost7.7 Economic Analysis of Equipment Losses
Part IV Regulating Voltage with/without Capacitance
Chapter 8 Application of Capacitors to Distribution Systems
8.1 State-of-the-Art Review8.2 Basic Definitions8.3 Power Capacitors8.4 Effects of Series and Shunt Capacitors8.4.1 Series Capacitors8.4.1.1 Overcompensation8.4.1.2 Leading Power Factor8.4.2 Shunt Capacitors8.5 Power Factor Correction8.5.1 Impact and Capacitor Solutions8.5.2 Concept of Leading and Lagging Power Factors8.5.3 Economic Power Factor8.5.4 Use of a Power Factor Correction Table8.5.5 Alternating Cycles of a Magnetic Field8.5.6 Power Factor of a Group of Loads8.5.7 Practical Methods Used by the Power Industry for Power M Factor Improvement Calculations8.5.8 Real Power Limited Equipment8.5.9 Computerized Method to Determine the Economic Power M Factor8.6 Application of Capacitors8.6.1 Capacitor Installation Types8.6.2 Types of Controls for Switched Shunt Capacitors8.6.3 Types of Three-Phase Capacitor-Bank Connections8.7 Economic Justification for Capacitors8.7.1 Benefits due to Released Generation Capacity8.7.2 Benefits due to Released Transmission Capacity8.7.3 Benefits due to Released Distribution Substation Capacity8.7.4 Benefits due to Reduced Energy Losses8.7.5 Benefits to Reduced Voltage Drops8.7.6 Benefits due to Released Feeder Capacity8.7.7 Financial Benefits due to the Voltage Improvements8.7.8 Total Financial Benefits due to the Capacitor Installations8.8 Practical Procedure to Determine the Best Capacitor Location8.9 Mathematical Procedure to Determine the Optimum Capacitor M Allocation8.9.1 Loss Reduction due to Capacitor Allocation8.9.1.1 Case 1: One Capacitor Bank8.9.1.2 Case 2: Two Capacitor Banks8.9.1.3 Case 3: Three Capacitor Banks8.9.1.4 Case 4: Four Capacitor Banks8.9.1.5 Case 5: n Capacitor Banks8.9.2 Optimum Location of a Capacitor Bank8.9.3 Energy Loss Reduction due to Capacitors8.9.4 Relative Ratings of Multiple Fixed Capacitors8.9.5 General Savings Equation for any Number of Fixed Capacitors8.10 Further Thoughts on Capacitors and Improving Power Factors8.11 Capacitor Tank-Rupture Considerations8.12 Dynamic Behavior of Distribution Systems8.12.1 Ferroresonance8.12.2 Harmonics on Distribution Systems
Chapter 9 Distribution System Voltage Regulation
9.1 State-of-the-Art Review9.2 Basic Definitions9.3 Quality of Service and Voltage Standards9.4 Voltage Control9.5 Feeder Voltage Regulators9.6 Line-Drop Compensation9.7 Distribution Capacitor Automation9.8 Voltage Fluctuations9.8.1 Shortcut Method to Calculate the Voltage Dips due to a M Single-Phase Motor Start9.8.2 Shortcut Method to Calculate the Voltage Dips due to a M Three-Phase Motor Start
Appendix A Impedance Tables for Lines, Transformers, and Underground Cables
Appendix B Standard Device Numbers Used in Protection Systems
Appendix C The Per-Unit System
C.1 IntroductionC.2 Single-Phase SystemC.3 Converting from Per-Unit Values to Physical ValuesC.4 Change of BaseC.5 Three-Phase Systems
Appendix D Glossary for Distribution System Terminology
References
Index

Content preview from Electric Power Distribution Engineering, 4th Edition

3 Application of Distribution Transformers

DOI: 10.1201/9781003129721-3

Now that I am almost up the ladder,

I should, no doubt, be feeling gladder,

It is quite fine, the view and such,

If just it did not shake so much.

Richard Armour

3.1 Introduction

Previous chapter introduces how consumption of load is characterized. This chapter connects the electrical loads with distribution transformers. Each feeder would have hundreds of distribution transformers (DTs), serving as the electrical loads in primary distribution network. All DTs can be connected in any combination of phases, e.g., phase ab, or phase c, which results in unbalanced three-phase circuit. In general, DTs are used to reduce primary system voltages (2.4–34.5 kV) to utilization ...

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Electric Power Distribution Engineering, 4th Edition

by Turan Gönen, Chee-Wooi Ten, Ali Mehrizi-Sani

3 Application of Distribution Transformers

3.1 Introduction

Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
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