book

Embedded Systems Architecture - Second Edition

by Daniele Lacamera

January 2023

Intermediate to advanced

342 pages

9h 3m

English

Packt Publishing

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Who this book is forWhat this book coversTo get the most out of this bookDownload the example code filesDownload the color imagesConventions usedGet in touchShare your thoughtsDownload a free PDF copy of this book
Domain definitionEmbedded Linux systemsLow-end 8-bit microcontrollersHardware architectureUnderstanding the challengesMultithreadingRAMFlash memoryGeneral-purpose input/output (GPIO)ADC and DACTimers and PWMInterfaces and peripheralsAsynchronous UART-based serial communicationSPII2CUSBConnected systemsChallenges of distributed systemsIntroduction to isolation mechanismsThe reference platformARM reference designThe Cortex-M microprocessorSummary
Workflow overviewThe C compilerLinkerMake: a build automation toolDebuggerEmbedded workflowText editors versus integrated environmentsThe GCC toolchainThe cross compilerCompiling the compilerLinking the executableBinary format conversionInteracting with the targetThe GDB sessionValidationFunctional testsHardware toolsTesting off-targetEmulatorsSummary
Configuration managementRevision controlTracking activitiesCode reviewsContinuous integrationSource code organizationHardware abstractionMiddlewareApplication codeSecurity considerationsVulnerability managementSoftware cryptographyHardware cryptographyRunning untrusted codeThe life cycle of an embedded projectDefining project stepsPrototypingRefactoringAPI and documentationSummary
Technical requirementsThe interrupt vector tableStartup codeReset handlerAllocating the stackFault handlersMemory layoutBuilding and running the boot codeThe makefileRunning the applicationMultiple boot stagesBootloaderBuilding the imageDebugging a multi-stage systemShared librariesRemote firmware updatesSecure bootSummary
Technical requirementsMemory mappingMemory model and address spaceThe code regionThe RAM regionsPeripheral-access regionsThe system regionOrder of memory transactionsThe execution stackStack placementStack overflowsStack paintingHeap managementCustom implementationUsing newlibLimiting the heapMultiple memory poolsCommon heap usage errorsThe memory protection unitMPU configuration registersProgramming the MPUSummary

Technical requirementsBitwise operationsThe interrupt controllerPeripherals’ interrupt configurationSystem timeAdjusting the flash wait statesClock configurationClock distributionEnabling the SysTickGeneric timersGPIOPin configurationDigital outputPWMDigital inputInterrupt-based inputAnalog inputThe watchdogSummary
Technical requirementsIntroducing serial communicationClock and symbol synchronizationBus wiringProgramming the peripheralsUART-based asynchronous serial busProtocol descriptionProgramming the controllerHello world!newlib printfReceiving dataInterrupt-based input/outputSPI busProtocol descriptionProgramming the transceiverSPI transactionsInterrupt-based SPI transfersI2C busProtocol descriptionClock stretchingMultiple mastersProgramming the controllerInterrupt handlingSummary
Technical requirementsSystem configurationHardware designClock managementVoltage controlLow-power operating modesDeep-sleep configurationStop modeStandby modeWake-up intervalsMeasuring powerDevelopment boardsDesigning low-power embedded applicationsReplacing busy loops with sleep modeDeep sleep during longer inactivity periodsChoosing the clock speedPower state transitionsSummary
Technical requirementsNetwork interfacesMACSelecting the appropriate network interfacesThe Internet protocolsStandard protocols, custom implementationsThe TCP/IP stackNetwork device driversRunning the TCP/IP stackSocket communicationConnectionless protocolsMesh networks and dynamic routingTLSSecuring socket communicationApplication protocolsMessage protocolsThe REST architectural patternDistributed systems – single points of failureSummary
Technical requirementsTask managementThe task blockContext switchCreating tasksScheduler implementationSupervisor callsCooperative schedulerConcurrency and timeslicesBlocking tasksWaiting for resourcesReal-time schedulingSynchronizationSemaphoresMutexesPriority inversionSystem resource separationPrivilege levelsMemory segmentationSystem callsEmbedded operating systemsOS selectionFreeRTOSRIOT OSSummary
Technical requirementsSandboxingTrustZone-MReference platformSecure and non-secure execution domainsSystem resources separationSecurity attributes and memory regionsFlash memory and secure watermarksGTZC configuration and block-based SRAM protectionConfiguring secure access to peripheralsBuilding and running the exampleEnabling TrustZone-MSecure application entry pointCompiling and linking secure-world applicationsCompiling and linking non-secure applicationsInter-domain transitionsSummary
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Content preview from Embedded Systems Architecture - Second Edition

9 Distributed Systems and IoT Architecture

By accessing communication peripherals, such as network controllers and radio interfaces, microcontrollers are able to establish data communication with nearby devices and even with remote servers through the internet.

A set of embedded targets connected together and interacting with each other can be seen as a self-contained distributed system. Homogeneous machine-to-machine communication can be implemented using non-standard, and even proprietary, protocols.

Depending on the set of standard protocols it implements, an embedded system may be able to successfully communicate with heterogeneous, remote systems. Implementing standard protocols that are standardized or widely supported introduces the possibility ...