5Stress, Strain and Deflection
5.1 Stress
A normal force 
is applied to the ends of a bar. The bar, which is homogeneous and straight, has its cross section area denoted by 
. The normal force 
is in tension or in compression. The line of action of the force includes the centroid of the section. The bar is cut at a distance from one of its end and that part is eliminated. The eliminated part is then replaced by a uniformly distributed force (UDF) 
, where 
is the normal stress. The stress 
is calculated with
(5.1)
For a bar in shear the shear stress is
(5.2)
where 
is the shear force.
A stress ...
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