book

Essential Principles of Image Sensors

Name: Essential Principles of Image Sensors
Author: Takao Kuroda
ISBN: 9781351831307

by Takao Kuroda

December 2017

Beginner

192 pages

6h 21m

English

CRC Press

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Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
1 Task of Imaging and Role of Image Sensors
1.1 Factors Constructing Image Information1.2 Image Sensor Output and Structure of Image Signal1.2.1 Monochrome Still Images1.2.2 Color Still Images1.2.3 Color Moving Images1.3 Functional Elements of Image SensorsReferences
2 Device Elements and Circuits for Image Sensors
2.1 Device Element Components2.1.1 Foundation of Silicon Device Physics2.1.2 pn-Junction2.1.3 MOS Structure2.1.4 Buried MOS Structure2.1.5 Photogate2.1.6 Photodiode2.1.7 Buried Photodiode/Pinned Photodiode2.2 Silicon as a Photosensitive Material2.2.1 np Photodiode on p-Type Substrate2.2.2 npn Photodiode on p-Well2.3 Circuit Components2.3.1 Floating Diffusion Amplifier2.3.2 Source Follower Amplifier2.3.3 Correlated Double Sampling CircuitReferences
3 Major Types of Noise in Image Sensors
3.1 Amplitude of Noise3.2 Circuitry Noise (kTC Noise)3.3 Transistor Noise3.3.1 1/f Noise3.3.2 Thermal Noise3.3.3 Random Telegraph Noise3.4 Shot Noise3.5 FDA Noise Reduction by CDSReferences
4 Integration Period and Scanning Mode
4.1 Progressive Mode4.2 Interlaced Mode4.3 Electronic Shutter Mode
5 Types of Image Sensors
5.1 CCD Sensors5.1.1 Principle of CCDs5.1.1.1 Interline Transfer CCDs5.1.1.2 Basic Pixel Structure of IT-CCD5.1.2 Pixel Technology of IT-CCD5.1.2.1 Vertical Overflow Drain Structure5.1.2.2 Depleted Photodiode and Transfer Mechanism5.1.2.3 Buried Photodiode/Pinned Photodiode5.1.3 Progress of CCD Sensor5.1.3.1 Frame Transfer CCD5.1.3.2 Frame-Interline Transfer CCD5.2 MOS Sensors5.2.1 Principle of MOS Sensors5.2.2 Pixel Technology of MOS Sensors5.2.3 Progress in MOS Sensors5.2.3.1 Pixel Interpolation Array Imager5.2.3.2 Transversal Signal Line Imager5.3 CMOS Sensors5.3.1 Principle of CMOS Sensors5.3.2 Pixel Technology of CMOS Sensors5.3.2.1 Three-Transistor Pixel Configuration5.3.2.2 Four-Transistor Pixel Configuration5.3.2.3 Shared Pixel Architecture5.3.3 Progress in CMOS Sensors5.3.3.1 Noise Reduction Circuits in Analog Output Sensor5.3.3.2 Digital Output Sensors5.3.3.3 Sensitivity Improvement Technology5.3.3.4 Organic Sensors5.4 Electronic Shutter5.4.1 Electronic Shutter of CCD Sensors5.4.2 Electronic Shutter of MOS and CMOS Sensors5.5 Comparison of Situation and Prospects of Each Sensor TypeReferences
6 Impacts of Digitization by Built-In Coordinate Points on Image Information Quality
6.1 Sampling and Sampling Theorem6.2 Sampling in Space Domain6.3 Sampling in Time Domain6.4 Sampling in Wavelength Domain and Color InformationReferences

7 Technologies to Improve Image Information Quality
7.1 Light Intensity Information7.1.1 Sensitivity7.1.2 Dynamic Range7.1.2.1 Hyper-D CCD7.1.2.2 CMOS Image Sensor with Lateral Overflow Capacitor7.2 Space Information7.3 Time Information7.3.1 Frame-Based Sensors7.3.1.1 Parallel Output–Type Sensor7.3.1.2 Column-Parallel ADC-Type Sensor7.3.1.3 Burst-Type Sensor7.3.1.4 Coexistence Type of Burst and Continuous Imaging Modes7.3.2 Event-Driven Sensor7.4 Color and Wavelength Information7.4.1 Single-Chip Color Camera System7.4.2 Multiband Camera System7.4.3 Hyperspectral Imaging SystemReferences
8 Imaging Systems
8.1 Deteriorating Elements of Image Information Quality8.2 Signal Processing8.2.1 Defect Correction, Brightness Correction8.2.2 White Balance8.2.3 Demosaicking8.2.4 Color Conversion8.2.5 Color and Tone Matching8.2.6 Noise Reduction8.2.7 Edge Enhancement8.2.8 Image Format8.2.9 Problem of DSP Correction Dependence Syndrome8.3 Three-Chip Color Camera SystemReferences
Epilogue
Index

Overview

This must-have book provides a succinct introduction to the systemization, noise sources, and signal processes of image sensor technology, discussing image information and its four factors: space, light intensity, wavelength, and time. Insightfully illustrated, the text explains how image sensors convert optical image information into image signals, as well as details the operational principles, pixel technology, and evolution of CCD, MOS, and CMOS sensors. It also describes sampling theory and explores causes for the decline of image information quality.

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