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Ethernet: The Definitive Guide, 2nd Edition

by Charles E. Spurgeon, Joann Zimmerman

March 2014

Intermediate to advanced

508 pages

14h 42m

English

O'Reilly Media, Inc.

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Ethernet Is EverywhereCostScalabilityReliabilityWidely Available Management ToolsDesign for ReliabilityDowntime is ExpensiveHow to Use This BookOrganization of This BookDisclaimerConventions Used in This BookSafari® Books OnlineHow to Contact UsAcknowledgments
History of EthernetThe Aloha NetworkThe Invention of EthernetReinventing EthernetReinventing Ethernet for Twisted-Pair MediaReinventing Ethernet for 100 Mb/sReinventing Ethernet for 1000 Mb/sReinventing Ethernet for 10, 40, and 100 Gb/sReinventing Ethernet for New CapabilitiesEthernet SwitchesThe Future of Ethernet
Evolution of the Ethernet StandardEthernet Media StandardsIEEE SupplementsDraft StandardsDifferences Between DIX and IEEE StandardsOrganization of IEEE StandardsThe Seven Layers of OSIIEEE Sublayers Within the OSI ModelLevels of ComplianceThe Effect of Standards ComplianceIEEE Media System Identifiers10 Megabit per Second (Mb/s) Media Systems100 Mb/s Media Systems1000 Mb/s Media Systems10 Gb/s Media Systems40 Gb/s Media Systems100 Gb/s Media Systems
The Four Basic Elements of EthernetThe Ethernet FrameThe Media Access Control ProtocolMulticast and broadcast addressesThe CSMA/CD protocolCollisionsHardwareSignaling componentsMedia componentsNetwork Protocols and EthernetBest-Effort DeliveryDesign of Network ProtocolsProtocol EncapsulationInternet Protocol and Ethernet AddressesOperation of the ARP protocolReaching a station on a separate networkLooking Ahead
The Ethernet FramePreambleDestination AddressUnderstanding physical addressesSource AddressQ-TagEnvelope Prefix and SuffixType or Length FieldData FieldFCS FieldEnd of Frame DetectionFull-Duplex Media Access ControlFull-Duplex OperationEffects of Full-Duplex OperationConfiguring Full-Duplex OperationFull-Duplex Media SupportFull-Duplex Media Segment DistancesEthernet Flow ControlPAUSE OperationHigh-Level Protocols and the Ethernet FrameMultiplexing Data in FramesIEEE Logical Link ControlThe LLC Sub-Network Access Protocol
Development of Auto-NegotiationAuto-Negotiation for Fiber Optic MediaBasic Concepts of Auto-NegotiationAuto-Negotiation SignalingFLP Burst OperationAuto-Negotiation OperationParallel DetectionOperation of Parallel DetectionParallel Detection and Duplex MismatchAuto-Negotiation Completion TimingAuto-Negotiation and Cabling IssuesLimiting Ethernet Speed over Category 3 CableCable Issues and Gigabit Ethernet Auto-NegotiationCrossover Cables and Auto-Negotiation1000BASE-X Auto-NegotiationAuto-Negotiation CommandsDisabling Auto-NegotiationAuto-Negotiation DebuggingGeneral Debugging InformationMedia converters and Auto-NegotiationDebugging Tools and CommandsTroubleshooting Auto-NegotiationDeveloping a Link Configuration PolicyLink Configuration Policies for Enterprise NetworksIssues with Manual Configuration
Power Over Ethernet StandardsGoals of the PoE StandardDevices That May Be Powered Over EthernetBenefits of PoEPoE Device RolesPoE Type ParametersPoE OperationPower DetectionPower ClassificationPhysical layer classification methodData link layer classification methodMutual identificationLink Power MaintenancePower Fault MonitoringPoE and Cable PairsPoE and Ethernet CablingModifying cabling specificationsPoE Power ManagementPoE Power RequirementsPoE Port ManagementPoE Monitoring and Power PolicingVendor Extensions to the StandardCisco UPoEMicrosemi EEPoEPower over HDBaseT (POH)
Media Independent InterfacesEthernet PHY ComponentsEthernet Signal EncodingBaseband Signaling IssuesBaseline Wander and Signal EncodingAdvanced Signaling TechniquesEthernet InterfaceHigher-Speed Ethernet InterfacesEnergy Efficient EthernetIEEE EEE StandardEEE media systemsEEE OperationEEE statesManaging EEEEEE negotiationImpact of EEE Operation on LatencyEEE Power SavingsEEE power savings in an interfaceEEE power savings in a switch

10BASE-T Media System10BASE-T Ethernet InterfaceSignal Polarity and Polarity Reversal10BASE-T Signal EncodingPhysical line signaling10BASE-T Media ComponentsUTP cable10BASE-T segments longer than 100 metersTwisted-pair impedance ratingEight-position RJ45-style jack connectorsConnecting a Station to 10BASE-T Ethernet10BASE-T Link Integrity Test10BASE-T Configuration GuidelinesFiber Optic Media Systems (10BASE-F)Old and New Fiber Link Segments10BASE-FL Signaling Components10BASE-FL Ethernet Interface10BASE-FL Signal EncodingPhysical line signaling10BASE-FL Media Components10BASE-FL Fiber Optic CharacteristicsAlternate 10BASE-FL Fiber Optic CablesFiber Optic ConnectorsConnecting a 10BASE-FL Ethernet Segment10BASE-FL Link Integrity Test10BASE-FL Configuration GuidelinesLonger 10 Mb/s fiber segments
100BASE-X Media SystemsFast Ethernet Twisted-Pair Media Systems (100BASE-TX)100BASE-TX Signaling Components100BASE-TX Ethernet Interface100BASE-TX Signal Encoding100BASE-X encoding100BASE-TX physical line signaling100BASE-TX Media ComponentsUTP cableEight-position RJ45-style jack connectors100BASE-TX Link Integrity Test100BASE-TX Configuration GuidelinesFast Ethernet Fiber Optic Media Systems (100BASE-FX)100BASE-FX Signaling Components100BASE-FX Signal EncodingPhysical line signaling100BASE-FX Media ComponentsFiber optic cableFiber optic connectors100BASE-FX transceivers100BASE-FX Fiber Optic CharacteristicsAlternate 100BASE-FX Fiber Optic Cables100BASE-FX Link Integrity Test100BASE-FX Configuration GuidelinesLong Fiber Segments
Gigabit Ethernet Twisted-Pair Media Systems (1000BASE-T)1000BASE-T Signaling Components1000BASE-T Signal EncodingSignaling and data rateSignal clocking1000BASE-T cabling requirements1000BASE-T Media ComponentsUTP cableEight-position RJ45-style jack connectors1000BASE-T Link Integrity Test1000BASE-T Configuration GuidelinesGigabit Ethernet Fiber Optic Media Systems (1000BASE-X)1000BASE-X Signaling Components1000BASE-X Link Integrity Test1000BASE-X Signal EncodingPhysical line signaling1000BASE-X Media ComponentsFiber optic cableFiber optic connectors1000BASE-X transceivers1000BASE-X Fiber Optic Specifications1000BASE-SX Loss Budget1000BASE-LX Loss Budget1000BASE-LX/LH Long Haul Loss Budget1000BASE-SX and 1000BASE-LX Configuration GuidelinesDifferential Mode DelayMode-Conditioning Patch Cord
10 Gigabit Standards Architecture10 Gigabit Ethernet Twisted-Pair Media Systems (10GBASE-T)10GBASE-T Signaling Components10GBASE-T Signal EncodingSignaling and data rateSignal clocking10GBASE-T cabling requirements10GBASE-T Media ComponentsEight-position RJ45-style jack connectors10GBASE-T Link Integrity Test10GBASE-T Configuration Guidelines10GBASE-T Short-Reach Mode10GBASE-T Signal Latency10 Gigabit Ethernet Short Copper Cable Media Systems (10GBASE-CX4)10 Gigabit Ethernet Short Copper Direct Attach Cable Media Systems (10GSFP+Cu)10GSFP+Cu Signaling Components10GSFP+Cu Signal Encoding10GSFP+Cu Link Integrity Test10GSFP+Cu Configuration Guidelines10 Gigabit Ethernet Fiber Optic Media Systems10 Gigabit LAN PHYs10 Gb/s Fiber Optic Media Specifications10 Gigabit WAN PHYs
Architecture of 40 Gb/s EthernetPCS LanesPCS lane design and operationMultiple PCS lanes are not aggregated links40 Gigabit Ethernet Twisted-Pair Media Systems (40GBASE-T)40 Gigabit Ethernet Short Copper Cable Media Systems (40GBASE-CR4)40GBASE-CR4 Signaling Components40GBASE-CR4 Signal EncodingQSFP+ Connectors and Multiple 10 Gb/s Interfaces40 Gigabit Ethernet Fiber Optic Media Systems40 Gb/s Fiber Optic Media Specifications40GBASE-SR4 media specifications40GBASE-LR4 media specificationsVendor-specific short-range media specificationsVendor-specific bidirectional short-range optical transceivers40GBASE-LR4 Wavelengths40 Gigabit Extended Range
Architecture of 100 Gb/s EthernetPCS LanesPCS lane design and operation100 Gigabit Ethernet Twisted-Pair Media Systems100 Gigabit Ethernet Short Copper Cable Media Systems (100GBASE-CR10)100GBASE-CR10 Signal Encoding100 Gigabit Ethernet Fiber Optic Media SystemsCisco CPAK Module for 100 Gigabit Ethernet100 Gb/s Fiber Optic Media Specifications100GBASE-SR10 short-reach media system specifications100GBASE-LR4 long-reach media systems specifications100GBASE-LR4 wavelengths100GBASE-ER4 media specifications
400 Gb/s Ethernet Study Group400 Gb/s StandardizationProposed 400 Gb/s Operation
Structured Cabling SystemsThe ANSI/TIA/EIA Cabling StandardsSolving the Problems of Proprietary Cabling SystemsISO and TIA StandardsThe ANSI/TIA Structured Cabling DocumentsElements of the Structured Cabling StandardsStar TopologyTwisted-Pair CategoriesMinimum Cabling RecommendationEthernet and the Category SystemHorizontal CablingHorizontal Channel and Basic LinkCabling and Component SpecificationsCategory 5 and 5e Cable Testing and MitigationCable AdministrationIdentifying Cables and ComponentsClass 1 Labeling SchemeDocumenting the Cabling SystemBuilding the Cabling SystemCabling System Challenges
Horizontal Cable Segment ComponentsTwisted-Pair CablesTwisted-Pair Cable Signal CrosstalkTwisted-Pair Cable ConstructionPlenum cable identifiersShielded and unshielded twisted-pair cableShielded twisted-pair naming conventionsTwisted-Pair Installation PracticesEight-Position (RJ45-Style) Jack ConnectorsFour-Pair Wiring SchemesTip and RingColor CodesWiring SequenceModular Patch PanelsWork Area OutletsTwisted-Pair Patch CablesTwisted-Pair Patch Cable QualityTelephone-Grade Patch CablesTwisted-Pair Ethernet and Telephone SignalsEquipment Cables50-Pin Connectors and 25-Pair Cables25-Pair Cable Harmonica ConnectorsBuilding a Twisted-Pair Patch CableInstalling an RJ45 PlugEthernet Signal Crossover10BASE-T and 100BASE-T Crossover CablesFour-Pair Crossover CablesAuto-Negotiation and MDIX FailuresIdentifying a Crossover Cable
Fiber Optic CableFiber Optic Core DiametersFiber Optic ModesFiber Optic BandwidthFiber Optic Loss BudgetEstimating the static optical lossFiber Optic ConnectorsST ConnectorsSC ConnectorsLC ConnectorsMPO ConnectorsBuilding Fiber Optic CablesFiber Optic Color CodesSignal Crossover in Fiber Optic SystemsSignal Crossover in MPO Cables
Basic Switch FunctionsBridges and SwitchesWhat Is a Switch?Operation of Ethernet SwitchesAddress LearningTraffic FilteringFrame FloodingBroadcast and Multicast TrafficBroadcast and multicast forwardingUses of broadcast and multicastCombining SwitchesForwarding LoopsThe Spanning Tree ProtocolSpanning tree packetsChoosing a root bridgeChoosing the least-cost pathBlocking loop pathsSpanning tree port statesSwitch Performance IssuesPacket Forwarding PerformanceSwitch Port MemorySwitch CPU and RAMSwitch SpecificationsBasic Switch FeaturesSwitch ManagementSimple Network Management ProtocolPacket Mirror PortsSwitch Traffic FiltersManaging switch filtersVirtual LANs802.1Q VLAN standardLinking VLANs802.1Q Multiple Spanning Tree ProtocolQuality of Service (QoS)
Advantages of Switches in Network DesignsImproved Network PerformanceSwitch Hierarchy and Uplink SpeedsUplink Speeds and Traffic CongestionMultiple ConversationsSwitch Traffic BottlenecksHierarchical Network DesignSeven-hop maximumNetwork Resiliency with SwitchesSpanning Tree and Network ResiliencyCost and complexity of resiliencyRoutersOperation and Use of RoutersRouters or Bridges?Special-Purpose SwitchesMultilayer SwitchesAccess SwitchesStacking SwitchesIndustrial Ethernet SwitchesWireless Access Point SwitchesInternet Service Provider SwitchesMetro EthernetData Center SwitchesData center port speedsData center switch typesData center oversubscriptionData center switch fabricsData center switch resiliencyAdvanced Switch FeaturesTraffic Flow MonitoringsFlow and NetFlowPower over Ethernet
Performance of an Ethernet ChannelPerformance of Half-Duplex Ethernet ChannelsPersistent Myths About Half-Duplex Ethernet PerformanceSimulations of Half-Duplex Ethernet Channel PerformanceMeasuring Ethernet PerformanceMeasurement Time ScaleData Throughput Versus BandwidthMaximum data rates on EthernetNetwork performance for the userPerformance for the network managerNetwork Design for Best PerformanceSwitches and Network BandwidthGrowth of Network BandwidthChanges in Application RequirementsDesigning for the Future
Reliable Network DesignNetwork DocumentationEquipment ManualsSystem Monitoring and BaselinesThe Troubleshooting ModelFault DetectionGathering InformationFault IsolationDetermining the Network PathDuplicating the SymptomBinary Search IsolationDividing network systemsTroubleshooting Twisted-Pair SystemsTwisted-Pair Troubleshooting ToolsCommon Twisted-Pair ProblemsTwisted-pair patch cables50-pin connectors and hydra cablesTwisted-pair segment cablingTroubleshooting Fiber Optic SystemsFiber Optic Troubleshooting ToolsCommon Fiber Optic ProblemsData Link TroubleshootingCollecting Data Link InformationCollecting Information with ProbesNetwork-Layer Troubleshooting
Cable and Connector SuppliersCable TestersCabling InformationEthernet Jumbo FramesEthernet Media ConvertersEthernet OUIs or Vendor CodesList of OUIs Maintained by the IEEEList of OUIs Compiled by VolunteersEthernet Bridging and the Spanning Tree ProtocolLayer 2 Network Failure ModesCisco Validated Design GuidesEthernet SwitchesNetwork Protocol AnalyzersNetwork Management InformationRequests for Comments (RFCs)Power over EthernetStandards Documents and Standards OrganizationsOSI ModelBICSIFibre Channel StandardsIEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) StandardIEEE 802.1 Bridge and Switch StandardsTelecommunications Cabling StandardsOther Standards OrganizationsSwitch PerformanceSwitch LatencySwitch and Network ManagementTraffic Flow Monitoring
Media Access Control RulesEssential Media System TimingEthernet Slot TimeSlot Time and Network DiameterUse of the Slot TimeSlot Time and Minimum Frame LengthCollision Detection and BackoffCollision PropagandaOperation of Collision DetectionCollision detection by media systemsLate CollisionsCommon causes of late collisionsThe Collision Backoff AlgorithmOperation of the Backoff AlgorithmChoosing a Backoff TimeCollision DomainsEthernet Channel CaptureOperation of Channel CaptureChannel Capture ExampleLong-Term FairnessA Fix for Channel Capture?Gigabit Ethernet Half-Duplex OperationGigabit Ethernet Half-Duplex Network DiameterLooking for Bit TimesCarrier ExtensionFrame BurstingFrame bursting and shared-channel efficiency
The Data Terminal EquipmentThe Attachment Unit InterfaceThe AUI Slide LatchProblems with the sliding latchAUI SignalsThe AUI Transceiver CableThe Medium Attachment UnitTransceiver Jabber ProtectionThe SQE Test SignalOperation of SQE TestEthernet Stations and SQE TestThe AUI Port ConcentratorPort Concentrator GuidelinesCalculating port concentrator cable lengthProblems with ConcentratorsCascaded Port ConcentratorsSQE Test and the Port ConcentratorThe Medium Dependent InterfaceThe Media Independent InterfaceThe MII ConnectorMII connector signalsMII Transceivers and CablesMII jabber protectionMII SQE Test

Content preview from Ethernet: The Definitive Guide, 2nd Edition

Part V. Performance and Troubleshooting

This part will discuss important topics in Ethernet performance and troubleshooting. Chapter 20 describes both the performance of a given Ethernet channel, and the performance of the network system as a whole. Chapter 21 includes a tutorial on troubleshooting techniques and describes the kinds of problems you are likely to encounter with twisted-pair and fiber optic systems.

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Publisher Resources

ISBN: 9781449362980Errata Page