Hands-On Genetic Algorithms with Python

Particle swarm optimization

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) draws its inspiration from natural groupings of individual organisms, such as flocks of birds or schools of fish, generally referred to as swarms. The organisms interact within the swarm without central supervision, working together toward a common goal. This observed behavior gave rise to a computational method that can solve or optimize a given problem by using a group of candidate solutions represented by particles analogous to organisms in a swarm. The particles move in the search space, looking for the best solution, and their movement is governed by simple rules that involve their position and velocity (directional speed).

The PSO algorithm is iterative, and in each iteration, ...