Hands-On Genetic Algorithms with Python

PSO example – function optimization

For demonstration purposes, we will use the PSO algorithm to find the minimum location(s) of Himmelblau's function, a commonly used benchmark that we previously optimized using genetic algorithms in Chapter 6, Optimizing Continuous Functions. This function can be depicted by the following image:

Himmelblau's functionSource: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Himmelblau_function.svg Image by Morn the Gorn. Released to the public domain

As a reminder, the function can be mathematically expressed as follows:

It has four global minima, evaluating to 0, indicated by the blue areas in the plot. These are ...