book

Human Factors in Simple and Complex Systems, 3rd Edition

by Robert W. Proctor, Trisha Van Zandt

January 2018

Beginner

698 pages

31h 1m

English

CRC Press

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IntroductionElectronic and Digital EquipmentComputer TechnologyHealthcare SystemsCyber SecuritySerious Accidents Resulting from Major System FailuresWhat is Human Factors and Ergonomics?DefinitionBasic Human PerformanceHumanMachine Systems and Domains of SpecializationHistorical AntecedentsPsychology of Human PerformanceSensory PsychophysicsSpeed of Mental ProcessingWundt and the Study of AttentionLearning and Skill AcquisitionHuman Performance in Applied SettingsJob Specialization and ProductivityEarly Human Factors JournalsBiomechanics and Physiology of Human PerformanceSummaryEmergence of the Human Factors ProfessionContemporary Human FactorsSummaryRecommended Readings

IntroductionDistinguishing Features of ScienceFoundations of Science Scientific MethodGoals of Science MeasurementReliability, Validity, and Control Research MethodsDescriptive Methods Archival DataNaturalistic Observation and Ethnographic MethodsSurveys and QuestionnairesInterviews and Focus GroupsDiaries and Studies of Log FilesCorrelational and Differential ResearchExperimental Methods Between-Subject DesignsWithin-Subject DesignsComplex DesignsSummaryStatistical MethodsDescriptive StatisticsCentral Tendency and VariabilityCorrelation CoefficientInferential StatisticsProbabilityStatistical Hypothesis TestingA Study Evaluating Human Factors DesignSummaryRecommended Readings
IntroductionCentral Concept in Human Factors: The SystemImplications of the System ConceptThe Operator Is Part of a Human Machine SystemThe System Goals Take Precedence over Everything ElseSystems Are HierarchicalSystems and Their Components Have Inputs and OutputsA System Has Structure Deficiencies in System Performance Are Due to Inadequacies of SystemDesign or System ComponentsA System Operates within a Larger EnvironmentSystem VariablesPhysical System VariablesOperator VariablesSummaryHuman ErrorWhy Human Error OccursError TaxonomiesAction ClassificationFailure ClassificationProcessing ClassificationIntentional ClassificationSummaryReliability AnalysisSystem ReliabilityHuman ReliabilityTechnique for Human Error Rate Prediction (THERP)Stochastic Modeling TechniqueSystematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach (SHERPA) and Task Analysis for Error Identification (TAFEI)Human Cognitive Reliability ModelA Technique for Human Error ANAlysis (ATHEANA)Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM)Human Performance Data SourcesProbabilistic Risk AnalysisSummaryRecommended Readings
IntroductionA Three-Stage ModelPerceptual StageCognitive StageAction Stage Human Information Processing and the Three-Stage ModelPsychological Representation of the Physical WorldClassical Methods for Detection and DiscriminationSignal-Detection Methods and TheoryMethodsTheoryDetectability and BiasChanges in Criterion ApplicationsPsychophysical ScalingChronometric MethodsSubtractive LogicAdditive-Factors LogicContinuous Information Accumulation Psychophysiological MeasuresSummaryRecommended ReadingS
IntroductionProperties of Sensory SystemsThe Visual Sensory SystemThe Focusing SystemCornea and LensPupilVergenceFocusing ProblemsSummaryThe RetinaPhotoreceptorsNeural LayersRetinal Structure and AcuityVisual PathwaysVisual CortexDorsal and Ventral StreamsVisual PerceptionBrightnessDark and Light AdaptationSpectral SensitivityThe Purkinje ShiftTemporal and Spatial SummationLightnessSpatial and Temporal ResolutionAcuitySpatial SensitivityTemporal SensitivityMaskingSummaryRecommended Readings
IntroductionColor PerceptionColor MixingTrichromatic TheoryOpponent Process TheoryPerceptual OrganizationDepth PerceptionOculomotor CuesMonocular Visual CuesBinocular Visual CuesSize and Shape ConstancyIllusions of Size and DirectionPerception of MotionObject MotionInduced MotionApparent MotionPattern RecognitionSummaryRecommended Readings
IntroductionHearingSound and the Auditory Sensory SystemSound Stimuli Outer and Middle EarInner EarThe Auditory PathwaysSummaryPerception of Basic PropertiesLoudnessPitchTimbre, Consonance, and DissonancePerception of Higher-Level PropertiesPerceptual OrganizationSound LocalizationSpeech PerceptionThe Vestibular SystemThe Somesthetic SystemSensory SystemPerception of TouchPerception of Temperature and PainThe Chemical SystemsSummaryRecommended Readings
IntroductionVisual DisplaysStatic DisplaysEffectiveness of DisplaysAlphanumeric Displays Symbolic DisplaysCoding DimensionsColor Coding Shape Coding Combination CodesDynamic DisplaysAnalog and Digital DisplaysDisplay ArrangementsMotion InterpretabilityOther DisplaysHead-up DisplaysHelmet-Mounted DisplaysWarning Signals and LabelsAuditory DisplaysWarning and Alarm Signals Three-Dimensional Displays Speech DisplaysTactile DisplaysSummaryRecommended Readings
IntroductionModels of AttentionBottleneck ModelsFilter TheoryAttenuation and Late-Selection TheoriesResource ModelsUnitary-Resource ModelsMultiple-Resource ModelsExecutive Control ModelsSummaryModes of AttentionSelective AttentionAuditory TasksVisual TasksSwitching and Controlling AttentionDivided AttentionArousal and VigilanceMental Workload AssessmentEmpirical TechniquesPrimary-Task MeasuresSecondary-Task MeasuresPsychophysiological MeasuresSubjective MeasuresAnalytical TechniquesComparisonExpert OpinionMathematical ModelsTask AnalysisSimulation ModelsSummaryRecommended Readings
IntroductionSensory MemoryVisual Sensory MemoryTactile and Auditory Sensory MemoriesWhat Is the Role of Sensory Memory?Short-term MemoryBasic CharacteristicsImproving Short-Term RetentionMemory SearchModels of Short-Term, or Working, Memory Baddeley and Hitchs Working Memory ModelCowans Activation ModelImageryLong-term MemoryBasic CharacteristicsProcessing StrategiesComprehending Verbal and Nonverbal MaterialSemantic MemoryWritten CommunicationSpoken CommunicationSituational AwarenessSummaryRecommended Readings
IntroductionProblem SolvingThe Problem Space HypothesisAnalogyLogic and ReasoningDeductionConditional ReasoningCategorical ReasoningInduction and ConceptsAbduction and HypothesesDecision MakingNormative TheoryDescriptive TheoryTransitivity and FramingBounded RationalityTraining and Task EnvironmentDecision AidsSummaryRecommended Readings
IntroductionAcquisition of Cognitive SkillPower Law of PracticeTaxonomies of SkillPhases of Skill AcquisitionSkill-Rule-Knowledge FrameworkTheories of Skill AcquisitionA Production System ModelA Connectionist Model Transfer of LearningViews of Transfer Part-Whole TransferExpert PerformanceDistinctions between Experts and NovicesNaturalistic decision MakingExpert SystemsCharacteristics of Expert SystemsKnowledge BaseInference EngineUser InterfaceHuman Factors IssuesSelecting the TaskRepresentation of KnowledgeInterface DesignValidating the SystemExample SystemsDesplateAldesSummaryRecommended Readings
IntroductionSimple ReactionsChoice ReactionsSpeed Accuracy TradeoffTemporal UncertaintyStimulus-Response UncertaintyPrinciples of CompatibilityStimulus-Response CompatibilityRelative Location CodingTheoretical InterpretationsS-C-R Compatibility Practice and Response SelectionIrrelevant StimuliDual-Task and Sequential PerformancePsychological Refractory Period EffectStimulus and Response RepetitionPreferences for controlling ActionsGrip PatternsPopulation StereotypesSummaryRecommended Readings
IntroductionPhysiological Foundations of MovementThe Musculoskeletal SystemControl of MovementMass-Spring Property and Motor UnitSpinal ControlControl by the BrainControl of ActionClosed-Loop ControlOpen-Loop ControlImplicationsInvariant CharacteristicsModular OrganizationHierarchical ArrangementRole of FeedbackAimed MovementsFittss Law ApplicationVisual FeedbackBimanual ControlGrasping and Intercepting ObjectsOther Aspects of Motor ControlPostureLocomotionEye and Head MovementsMotor LearningConditions and Schedules of Practice and TrainingAmount of PracticeFatigue and PracticeDistribution of PracticeVariability of PracticeMental PracticeTraining with SimulatorsFeedback and Skill AcquisitionKnowledge of PerformancePrecision of KRFrequency of KRDelay of KRKR and Self-ControlRole of KRKnowledge of PerformanceObservational LearningSummaryRecommended Readings
IntroductionControl FeaturesBasic DimensionsControl ResistanceTypes of ResistancePerformance and ResistanceManipulation Outcome RelationsTracking TasksDeadspace and BacklashControl Display RatioControl System OrderControl PanelsCoding of ControlsLocation CodingLabelsColor CodingShape CodingSize CodingTexture CodingOther CodesControl ArrangementsPreventing Accidental OperationSpecific ControlsHand-Operated ControlsPushbutton and Toggle SwitchesRotary Selector Switches and KnobsMultifunction ControlsFoot-Operated ControlsSpecialized ControlsSpeech ControlsGaze-Based and Head-Movement ControlsGesture-Based ControlTeleoperationSummaryRecommended Readings
IntroductionEngineering AnthropometryAnthropometric MeasurementSources of Anthropometric DataBiomechanical FactorsCumulative Trauma DisordersHand ToolsDesign Principles for Hand ToolsBend the handle, not the wristAllow an Optimal Grip Use Compressible Grip SurfacesAn Example Design ProblemManual or Power ToolsAdditional PrinciplesManual Materials HandlingLifting and LoweringCarrying and Push/PullingWorkspace DesignWorking PositionSeatingPositioning of Visual DisplaysPositioning of Controls and ObjectsSteps in Workspace DesignSummaryRecommended Readings
IntroductionLightingLight MeasurementLight SourcesDaylightingArtificial LightingIllumination and PerformanceGlareNoiseNoise MeasurementNoise Level and PerformanceHearing LossNoise Reduction VibrationWhole-Body VibrationSegmental VibrationThermal Comfort and Air QualityStressGeneral Adaptation Syndrome and StressorsOccupational StressSummaryRecommended Readings
IntroductionThe Individual EmployeeJob Analysis and DesignPersonnel SelectionTraining On-the-job trainingOn-site and off-site trainingPerformance AppraisalCircadian Rhythms and Work SchedulesCircadian rhythms Work schedulesInteractions Among EmployeesPersonal SpaceTerritorialityCrowding and PrivacyOffice Space and ArrangementTraditional officesOpen-plan officesInteractions Between Organizational GroupsCommunication in OrganizationsEmployee ParticipationOrganizational DevelopmentSummaryRecommended Readings
IntroductionSystem DevelopmentMaking the Case for Human FactorsOccupational Ergonomics Programs System and Product DevelopmentThe System Development ProcessPhasesFacilitating Human Factors InputsCognitive and Physical Models of Human PerformanceEngineering Models of Human PerformanceCognitive ModelsDigital Human ModelsIntegrative Cognitive ArchitecturesControl Theory ModelsForensic Human FactorsLiabilityExpert TestimonyHuman Factors and SocietyRecommended Readings

Overview

Recently, there have been a number of advances in technology, including in mobile devices, globalization of companies, display technologies and healthcare, which require significant input and evaluation from human factors specialists. This textbook has been completely updated, with some chapters folded into other chapters and new chapters added.