book

iOS 15 Programming Fundamentals with Swift

by Matt Neuburg

October 2021

Intermediate to advanced

786 pages

21h 17m

English

O'Reilly Media, Inc.

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The Scope of This BookFrom the Preface to the First Edition (Programming iOS 4)VersionsAcknowledgmentsConventions Used in This BookUsing Code ExamplesO’Reilly Online LearningHow to Contact Us
Ground of BeingEverything Is an Object?Three Flavors of Object TypeVariablesFunctionsThe Structure of a Swift FileScope and LifetimeObject MembersNamespacesModulesInstancesWhy Instances?The Keyword selfPrivacyDesign
Function Parameters and Return ValueVoid Return Type and ParametersFunction SignatureExternal Parameter NamesOverloadingDefault Parameter ValuesVariadic ParametersIgnored ParametersModifiable ParametersCalling Objective-C with Modifiable ParametersCalled by Objective-C with Modifiable ParametersReference Type Modifiable ParametersFunction in FunctionRecursionFunction as ValueAnonymous FunctionsUsing Anonymous Functions InlineAnonymous Function Abbreviated SyntaxDefine-and-CallClosuresHow Closures Improve CodeFunction Returning FunctionClosure Setting a Captured VariableClosure Preserving Captured EnvironmentEscaping ClosuresCapture ListsCurried FunctionsFunction References and SelectorsFunction Reference ScopeSelectors
Variable Scope and LifetimeVariable DeclarationComputed Variable InitializationComputed VariablesComputed PropertiesProperty WrappersSetter ObserversLazy InitializationSingletonLazy Initialization of Instance PropertiesBuilt-In Simple TypesBoolNumbersStringCharacter and String IndexRangeTupleOptional
Object Type Declarations and FeaturesInitializersPropertiesMethodsSubscriptsNested Object TypesEnumsRaw ValuesAssociated ValuesEnum Case IterationEnum InitializersEnum PropertiesEnum MethodsWhy Enums?StructsStruct InitializersStruct PropertiesStruct MethodsClassesValue Types and Reference TypesSubclass and SuperclassClass InitializersClass DeinitializerClass PropertiesStatic/Class MembersPolymorphismCastingCasting DownType Testing and Casting Down SafelyType Testing and Casting OptionalsBridging to Objective-CType ReferencesFrom Instance to TypeFrom self to TypeType as ValueSummary of Type TerminologyComparing TypesProtocolsWhy Protocols?Adopting a Library ProtocolProtocol Type Testing and CastingDeclaring a ProtocolProtocol CompositionClass ProtocolsOptional Protocol MembersImplicitly Required InitializersExpressible by LiteralGenericsGeneric DeclarationsType ConstraintsExplicit SpecializationGeneric Types and CovarianceAssociated Type ChainsWhere ClausesExtensionsExtending ProtocolsExtending GenericsUmbrella TypesAnyAnyObjectAnyClassCollection TypesArrayDictionarySetOrderedSet and OrderedDictionary
Flow ControlBranchingLoopsJumpingPrivacyPrivate and FileprivatePublic and OpenPrivacy RulesIntrospectionOperatorsMemory ManagementMemory Management of Reference TypesExclusive Access to Value TypesMiscellaneous Swift Language FeaturesSynthesized Protocol ImplementationsKey PathsInstance as FunctionDynamic MembershipProperty WrappersCustom String InterpolationReverse GenericsResult BuildersResult
MultithreadingThe Main ThreadBackground ThreadsAsynchronous CodeStructured Concurrency Syntaxasync/awaitAsync ContextsTasksWrapping a Completion HandlerMultiple Concurrent Tasksasync letTask GroupsAsynchronous SequencesBuilt-in Asynchronous SequencesMaking an Asynchronous SequenceAsynchronous Sequence MethodsActorsActor IsolationActor SerializationThe Main ActorContext SwitchingImplicit Context SwitchingExplicit Context SwitchingMore About TasksTask PriorityThe Current TaskSleepingYieldingCancellationMore About ActorsReentrancyThe Keyword nonisolatedThe Keyword isolatedGlobal ActorsSendable
New ProjectThe Project WindowThe Navigator PaneThe Inspector PaneThe EditorProject File and DependentsContents of the Project FolderGroupsThe TargetBuild PhasesBuild SettingsConfigurationsSchemes and DestinationsFrom Project to Built AppBuild SettingsProperty List SettingsNib FilesResourcesCode FilesFrameworks and SDKsSwift PackagesThe App Launch ProcessThe Entry PointHow an App Gets GoingApp Without a StoryboardRenaming Parts of a Project

The Nib Editor InterfaceDocument OutlineCanvasInspectorsLoading a NibLoading a View Controller NibLoading a Main View NibLoading a View Nib ManuallyConnectionsOutletsThe Nib OwnerAutomatically Configured NibsMisconfigured OutletsDeleting an OutletMore Ways to Create OutletsOutlet CollectionsAction ConnectionsMore Ways to Create ActionsMisconfigured ActionsConnections Between Nibs — Not!Additional Configuration of Nib-Based Instances
The Documentation WindowClass Documentation PagesQuick HelpDocumenting Frameworks and PackagesSymbol DeclarationsHeader FilesSample CodeInternet Resources
Environmental DependenciesConditional CompilationBuild ActionPermissible Runtime EnvironmentBackward CompatibilityDevice TypeArguments and Environment VariablesVersion ControlEditing and Navigating Your CodeText Editing PreferencesMultiple SelectionCode Completion and PlaceholdersSnippetsRefactoring and Code ActionsFix-it and Live Syntax CheckingNavigationFindingRunning in the SimulatorDebuggingCaveman DebuggingThe Xcode DebuggerTestingUnit TestsInterface TestsTest PlansMassaging the ReportCleanRunning on a DeviceObtaining a Developer Program MembershipSigning an AppAutomatic SigningManual SigningRunning the AppManaging Development Certificates and DevicesProfilingGaugesMemory DebuggingInstrumentsLocalizationCreating Localized ContentTesting LocalizationDistributionMaking an ArchiveThe Distribution CertificateThe Distribution ProfileDistribution for TestingFinal App PreparationsScreenshots and Video PreviewsProperty List SettingsSubmission to the App Store
SubclassingCategories and ExtensionsHow Swift Uses ExtensionsHow You Use ExtensionsHow Cocoa Uses CategoriesProtocolsOptional MembersInformal ProtocolsSome Foundation ClassesNSRangeNSNotFoundNSString and FriendsNSDate and FriendsNSNumberNSValueNSDataNSMeasurement and FriendsEquality, Hashability, and ComparisonNSArray and NSMutableArrayNSDictionary and NSMutableDictionaryNSSet and FriendsNSIndexSetNSNullImmutable and MutableProperty ListsCodableAccessors, Properties, and Key–Value CodingSwift AccessorsKey–Value CodingHow Outlets WorkCocoa Key PathsUses of Key–Value CodingKeyPath NotationThe Secret Life of NSObject
Reasons for EventsSubclassingNotificationsReceiving a NotificationUnregisteringSubscribing to a NotificationPosting a NotificationTimerDelegationCocoa DelegationImplementing DelegationData SourcesActionsThe Responder ChainNil-Targeted ActionsKey–Value ObservingRegistration and NotificationUnregisteringKey–Value Observing ExampleSwamped by EventsDelayed Performance
Principles of Cocoa Memory ManagementRules of Cocoa Memory ManagementWhat ARC Is and What It DoesHow Cocoa Objects Manage MemoryAutorelease PoolMemory Management of Instance PropertiesRetain Cycles and Weak ReferencesUnusual Memory Management SituationsNotification ObserversKVO ObserversTimersOther Unusual SituationsMemory Management of CFTypeRefsProperty Memory Management PoliciesDebugging Memory Management Mistakes
Visibility Through an Instance PropertyVisibility by InstantiationGetting a ReferenceVisibility by RelationshipGlobal VisibilityNotifications and Key–Value ObservingThe Combine FrameworkAlternative ArchitecturesModel–View–ControllerRouter and Data SpaceModel–View–PresenterProtocols and Reactive ProgrammingSwiftUIResult Builders and ModifiersState PropertiesBindingsPassing Data DownhillPassing Data UphillCustom State Objects
The C LanguageC Data TypesC EnumsC StructsC PointersC ArraysC StringsC FunctionsObjective-CObjective-C Objects and C PointersObjective-C Objects and Swift ObjectsExposure of Swift to Objective-CBridged Types and Boxed TypesObjective-C MethodsSelectorsCFTypeRefsBlocksAPI MarkupBilingual Targets

Content preview from iOS 15 Programming Fundamentals with Swift

Preface

In July of 2010, Chris Lattner created a folder on his computer called Shiny, and a new computer language was born. Four years later, in 2014, that language, renamed Swift, was introduced to the public, and was greeted with a mixture of surprise and excitement — and skepticism.

Prior to that moment, Cocoa programming, on iOS and before that on Mac OS, had always been done chiefly in Objective-C. The Cocoa frameworks that give an iOS app its functionality are based on Objective-C; they expect to be spoken to in Objective-C. The tradition of using Objective-C was long and deeply ingrained. For all its faults, Objective-C was the language we had learned to live with as the price of programming Cocoa. Could Cocoa be spoken to in a whole new language? Could this new language replace Objective-C as the iOS developer’s language of choice?

No one knew. I certainly didn’t know! So the first thing I did, as an experiment, was to try translating my own existing iOS apps into Swift. Not only was I able to do it, but I found the new Swift versions easier to understand and maintain than their Objective-C originals. From that moment, I was convinced that the vast majority of new iOS programmers would hitherto adopt Swift. I was right.

Swift is a superb language to learn, even (perhaps especially) if you’ve never programmed before, and is the easiest and clearest way to program iOS. It has these salient features: