Cellular connectivityGovernance models and standardsCellular access technologies3GPP user equipment categories4G LTE spectrum allocation and bands4G LTE topology and architecture4G LTE E-UTRAN protocol stack4G LTE geographical areas, dataflow, and handover procedures4G LTE packet structureCat-0, Cat-1, Cat-M1, and NB-IoTLTE Cat-0LTE Cat-1LTE Cat-M1 (eMTC)LTE Cat-NBMultefire, CBRS, and shared spectrum cellular5G5G frequency distribution5G RAN architecture5G Core architecture5G security and registrationUltra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLCC)Fine-grain time-division duplexing (TDD) and low-latency HARQNetwork slicing5G energy considerationsLoRa and LoRaWANLoRa physical layerLoRaWAN MAC layerLoRaWAN topologyLoRaWAN summarySigfoxSigfox physical layerSigfox MAC layerSigfox protocol stackSigfox topologySummary