May 2024
Intermediate to advanced
181 pages
3h 9m
Chinese
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附录A 统计
A.1 基本概念
A.1.1 注解
定义A∩B表示集合A和集合B的交集。交集是集合A和B的子集，包含同时存在于A和B里的所有元素，即A ∩ B := { x : x存在于A并且x存在于B}。
定义A∪B表示集合A和集合B的并集。并集完全包含了存在于集合A或者集合B的所有元素，即A ∪ B := { x : x存在于A或者x存在于B}。
定义A – B或者A\B表示集合A和集合B的差集。差集是集合A的子集，包含所有存在于集合A但不存在于集合B的元素，即A – B := { x : x存在于A并且x不存在于B}。
求和符号∑表示集合里所有成员之和，譬如：
A.1.2 术语和定义
- 总体：分析过程中使用的相似数据或项的集合。
- 样本：总体的一个子集。
- 集合的算数均值（平均数）：该集合的全部数值之和除以集合的大小。
- 中位数：一个有序集合的中间数值，比如说，当x1<…< x2k+1时，集合{x1, …, x2k+1}的中位数是值xk+1。
- 随机变量：把一组可能的结果对应到一组值（例如实数）的函数。
- 期望：随机变量的期望是由随机变量给定数值组成的递增集合的平均值极限。
- 方差：衡量总体分布的平均水平。在数学上，随机变量X的方差是随机变量X与它的平均值μ之差的平方的期望，即Var( X ) = E [(X - μ)2]。
- 标准差：随机变量X的标准差是变量X的方差的平方根，即SD( X ) = sqrt(Var( X ))。
- 相关关系：随机变量之间相关性的度量。在数学上，对于随机变量 ...
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