book

Laboratory Imaging & Photography

by Michael Peres

January 2017

Intermediate to advanced

392 pages

15h 38m

English

Routledge

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The Product is the Sum of its PartsThe Imaging ChainPhotography Defined
A Frame of Reference for the Image in ScienceThe Science Image: A Point of DepartureScience Photographs Require a ScalePhotographer’s Intent and Subject MatterA Picture is Worth a Thousand WordsThe Beginnings of Permanent Photographs and Scientific PhotographyMaking the Invisible VisibleHistorical Images and a Contemporary Point of ViewStandardized Approaches and RepeatabilityFather of Standardized ImagingInnovators and Technological ProgressInstrumentationMicroscopy and Carl ZeissThe Invisible SpectrumAdvancements in Film Technology—Kodak, Agfa, Ilford, and PolaroidShort Duration Light, Electric Flash, and StroboscopesModern Technologies—Digital and Electronic PhotographyScanning Electron MicroscopyDuality of ImagesScience Images as ArtSuggested Reading
The Imaging RoomSeeingBasic Structures in the Human Visual SystemOptics of the Eye and Image FormationThe Physiology of SeeingDominant EyeVisual Perception and the Physiological Aspects of SightPerception of ColorPersistence of VisionAfterimagePerception of DepthAdaptationMore on PerceptionMirages or IllusionsSuggested Reading
LightVisibility Requires Contrast, Magnification, and ResolutionSourcesContinuous and Discontinuous SpectrumsColor TemperatureContinuous or Pulsed EmissionLight BehaviorsLensesLenses for Scientific ApplicationsPhotographic FiltersAberrationsImage Depth of FieldDiffractionSuggested Reading
The Role of the CameraCamera ComponentsCamera Modes of OperationPhotographic ExposureLight MeasurementShuttersShutter Effects on ImagesMirrorless CamerasSensorsPixelsSingle-shot Area Array SensorsMulti-shot Area Array SensorsSensor Sensitivity ISO, Binning, GainNoise: Dark, Shot, Sensor, and Evaluating NoiseSensor EvaluationBit DepthColor SpaceGamma and ContrastWhite BalanceCapture File FormatsCapturing Using Camera Digital FiltersDigital Artifacts: AliasingConnecting DevicesMemory CardsSuggested Reading
The Sample and Photographic TreatmentsPreparation for ImagingSelecting a SampleSample PreparationIsolating the SampleControlling Dirt and Extraneous MaterialsHandling Samples and PreparationWet Specimens: Distilled and De-ionized Water or Other FluidsMaking Chambers and Welled SlidesStaining and Revealing Other FeaturesSpecimen PlatformsMirrorsSurface ReplicasBackgroundsThe Use of Scales to Indicate SizeSuggested Reading
OverviewClose-up PhotographyLenses for Close-up PhotographyFocusing, Depth of Field, and DiffractionCreating Camera-to-Subject AlignmentSelecting the Best Aperture PossibleExposure Compensation and DeterminationPhotomacrographyBellows and Laboratory Set-upsTrue Macro Lenses and Optical ConsiderationsOther Lenses that Can Be Used for Magnifications 2:1 and HigherSetting up the SystemExposure CompensationExposure Factor EquationsDepth of FieldStereo PhotomicroscopesSuggested Reading
IntroductionFluorescencePhotographing with the Invisible SpectrumPolarized LightSchlieren PhotographyScanners as CamerasPeripheral PhotographsStereo Photography and AnaglyphsStroboscopySuggested Reading
Light and LightingMaking Good LightWhite and Neutral BackgroundsMaking ContrastReducing ContrastAxial LightingLaboratory GlasswareMetal and Tent LightingImmersionA Working SummarySuggested Reading
Foundations and Brightfield MethodsFundamentals of Magnified ImagesOptical MagnificationOptical Elements in a Light MicroscopeNumerical ApertureFundamentals of Operating a Light MicroscopePhotographing using a Light MicroscopeInstrument CamerasDSLR CamerasMore Advanced Methods that Produce ContrastSetting Up DarkfieldDifferential Interference ContrastFluorescencePhase ContrastPolarized LightRheinberg Differential ColorizationSuggested Reading
IntroductionWhy Confocal?Types of Confocal MicroscopesFluorescence Microscopy and Confocal MethodsHow a Confocal Microscope WorksBalance and Compromises Required for Forming a Good 2D ImageHardware ChoicesOverview of Instrument Controls and Software3D ImagingConsiderations for Making a Good Z-StackConsideration for Live Cell ImagingAdvanced TechniquesSuggested Reading
IntroductionHistoryModern MachinesTheory and Design of the InstrumentThe Nature of an Electron in a VacuumElectron Source DesignElectron Microscopy OpticsAstigmatizationThe Electron ApertureResolution in an SEMSignal-to-Noise RatioScan RotationSpecimen ChargingMaximizing ResolutionSample PreparationCritical Point DryingSputter CoatingConclusionSuggested Reading
The Need for ProtocolsThe Image as DataManipulation and DisclosureManipulation by Specimen SelectionManipulation by Hardware SettingsManipulation by Imaging TechniqueManipulation by SoftwareManipulation by PresentationForensic Examination: Uncovering Digital Image FraudIndustry OversightConsequencesConclusionsSuggested Reading
IntroductionTerminology: Manipulation, Enhancement, ClarificationSoftwareBasic Color TheoryFundamental Digital Color ModelsChannelsLayersFundamental/Global Image Editing MethodsSelection and Tools OverviewImage Editing Tools OverviewContrast and Color Balance CorrectionsConverting RGB files to B&W (Grayscale)SharpeningNoise Reduction Using Photoshop SoftwareNoise Reduction Using the Camera Raw ConvertorCombining Separate Fluorescence ImagesPseudo-coloring B&W ImagesCreating a Composite Image for PublicationThe Type ToolBasic ShapesPreparing Files for PublicationSuggested Reading
Batch ProcessingMaking an ActionIncreased Depth of Field MethodsMaking Image Focus SlicesGlobal Image Processing of Files Used in Computational ImagesWidefield High Resolution or Image MappingMethodsHigh Dynamic Range ImagesTime-based ImagingSuggested Reading
IntroductionThe Laboratory and Environmental ConditionsOptimizing the Camera’s SettingsCleaning a LensMonitors and Video DisplaysColor ManagementSoftware, Upgrades, and Optimizing the ComputerImage Workflow, Folders, and Naming FilesArchiving, Data Redundancy, and Backing UpPlanning for Data Loss and FailuresDigital HousekeepingKeeping Things Tuned UpSmartphone PhotographySocial MediaConclusionSuggested Reading

Content preview from Laboratory Imaging & Photography

INDEX

Page numbers in italic refer to figures.

Page numbers in bold refer to tables.

Abbe, Ernst 19, 19, 186, 189

Abbe condenser 186–7, 187, 219

Abbe number 57

Abbott, Berenice 28, 28

aberrations 66–7, 66–7

absorption filters 64

absorption of light 55, 55–6

accumulation in imaging 242

achro (ACHRO) objectives 192

achro-aplanatic condenser 187, 187

adaptation in human vision and perception 42–3

Adobe Photoshop software: composite image for publication 318–19, 318–22; noise reduction using 311–13; overview 279, 293, 294–5; profiles 327–8; RAW files 336; Rheinberg filters 219