
Contents
xi
8.7.2 Development of WLS Algorithm 413
8.7.3 WLS State Estimation Algorithm 416
8.7.4 Various Measurement Functions and Measurement JacobianMatrix
H
417
8.7.5 Measurement Jacobian Matrix 418
8.7.6 Calculation of Gain Matrix 421
8.7.7 Decomposing Gain Matrix and Solving G(x
k
) Δx
k
= t
k
for Δx
k
422
8.8 Identication of Bad Data 448
8.9 Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) 449
8.9.1 Formulation for Optimal PMU Placement 450
8.9.2 Handling Zero Injection Buses 453
Summary 459
Question Set 460
Answers 463
9
Deregulation of Power Systems 465
9.1 Introduction 465
9.2 Different Entities in Deregulated Power System 466
9.3 P