
2.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the single-line diagram is introduced at fi rst and followed by this, the importance
of per-unit calculations is discussed. Also, the necessary formulae for calculating per-unit quan-
tities are developed. Obtaining the per-unit impedance diagram of the power system networks is
discussed thoroughly with several standard examples.
2.2 SINGLE-LINE OR ONE-LINE DIAGRAM
Electric power systems are supplied by three-phase generators. Ideally, the generators are supplying
power to the balanced three-phase loads. Figure 2.1 shows a star connected generator that gener-
ates balanced three-phase voltage and supplies power ...