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PHP and MySQL Web Development, Third Edition

by Luke Welling, Laura Thomson

September 2004

Intermediate to advanced

984 pages

20h 19m

English

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Copyright
Dedication
Praise for PHP and MySQL Web Development
About the Authors
About the Contributors
Acknowledgments
We Want to Hear from You!
Reader Services
Introduction
Why You Should Read This BookWhat You Will Be Able to Achieve Using This BookWhat Is PHP?What Is MySQL?Why Use PHP and MySQL?Some of PHP's StrengthsPerformanceDatabase IntegrationBuilt-in LibrariesCostEase of Learning PHPObject-Oriented SupportPortabilitySource CodeAvailability of SupportWhat Is New in PHP 5.0?Some of MySQL's StrengthsPerformanceLow CostEase of UsePortabilitySource CodeAvailability of SupportWhat Is New in MySQL 5.0?How Is This Book Organized?Finally
I. Using PHP
1. PHP Crash Course
Using PHPCreating a Sample Application: Bob's Auto PartsCreating the Order FormProcessing the FormEmbedding PHP in HTMLUse of PHP TagsPHP Tag StylesPHP StatementsWhitespaceCommentsAdding Dynamic ContentCalling FunctionsUsing the date() FunctionAccessing Form VariablesForm VariablesString ConcatenationVariables and LiteralsUnderstanding IdentifiersCreating User-Declared VariablesAssigning Values to VariablesExamining Variable TypesPHP's Data TypesType StrengthType CastingVariable VariablesDeclaring and Using ConstantsUnderstanding Variable ScopeUsing OperatorsArithmetic OperatorsString OperatorsAssignment OperatorsValues Returned from AssignmentCombination Assignment OperatorsPre- and Post-Increment and DecrementReferencesComparison OperatorsThe Equals OperatorOther Comparison OperatorsLogical OperatorsBitwise OperatorsOther OperatorsThe Ternary OperatorThe Error Suppression OperatorThe Execution OperatorArray OperatorsThe Type OperatorUsing Operators: Working Out the Form TotalsUnderstanding Precedence and Associativity: Evaluating ExpressionsUsing Variable FunctionsTesting and Setting Variable TypesTesting Variable StatusReinterpreting VariablesImplementing Control StructuresMaking Decisions with Conditionalsif StatementsCode Blockselse Statementselseif Statementsswitch StatementsComparing the Different ConditionalsRepeating Actions Through Iterationwhile Loopsfor and foreach Loopsdo..while LoopsBreaking Out of a Control Structure or ScriptEmploying Alternative Control Structure SyntaxUsing declareNext: Saving the Customer's Order

2. Storing and Retrieving Data
Saving Data for LaterStoring and Retrieving Bob's OrdersProcessing FilesOpening a FileChoosing File ModesUsing fopen() to Open a FileOpening Files Through FTP or HTTPAddressing Problems Opening FilesWriting to a FileParameters for fwrite()File FormatsClosing a FileReading from a FileOpening a File for Reading: fopen()Knowing When to Stop: feof()Reading a Line at a Time: fgets(), fgetss(), and fgetcsv()Reading the Whole File: readfile(), fpassthru(), and file()Reading a Character: fgetc()Reading an Arbitrary Length: fread()Using Other Useful File FunctionsChecking Whether a File Is There: file_exists()Determining How Big a File Is: filesize()Deleting a File: unlink()Navigating Inside a File: rewind(), fseek(), and ftell()Locking FilesDoing It a Better Way: Database Management SystemsProblems with Using Flat FilesHow RDBMSs Solve These ProblemsFurther ReadingNext
3. Using Arrays
What Is an Array?Numerically Indexed ArraysInitializing Numerically Indexed ArraysAccessing Array ContentsUsing Loops to Access the ArrayArrays with Different IndicesInitializing an ArrayAccessing the Array ElementsUsing LoopsArray OperatorsMultidimensional ArraysSorting ArraysUsing sort()Using asort() and ksort() to Sort ArraysSorting in ReverseSorting Multidimensional ArraysUser-Defined SortsReverse User SortsReordering ArraysUsing shuffle()Using array_reverse()Loading Arrays from FilesPerforming Other Array ManipulationsNavigating Within an Array: each(), current(), reset(), end(), next(), pos(), and prev()Applying Any Function to Each Element in an Array: array_walk()Counting Elements in an Array: count(), sizeof(), and array_count_values()Converting Arrays to Scalar Variables: extract()Further ReadingNext
4. String Manipulation and Regular Expressions
Creating a Sample Application: Smart Form MailFormatting StringsTrimming Strings: chop(), ltrim(), and trim()Formatting Strings for PresentationUsing HTML Formatting: The nl2br() FunctionFormatting a String for PrintingChanging the Case of a StringFormatting Strings for Storage: addslashes() and stripslashes()Joining and Splitting Strings with String FunctionsUsing explode(), implode(), and join()Using strtok()Using substr()Comparing StringsPerforming String Ordering: strcmp(), strcasecmp(), and strnatcmp()Testing String Length with strlen()Matching and Replacing Substrings with String FunctionsFinding Strings in Strings: strstr(), strchr(), strrchr(), and stristr()Finding the Position of a Substring: strpos() and strrpos()Replacing Substrings: str_replace() and substr_replace()Introducing Regular ExpressionsThe BasicsCharacter Sets and ClassesRepetitionSubexpressionsCounted SubexpressionsAnchoring to the Beginning or End of a StringBranchingMatching Literal Special CharactersReviewing the Special CharactersPutting It All Together for the Smart FormFinding Substrings with Regular ExpressionsReplacing Substrings with Regular ExpressionsSplitting Strings with Regular ExpressionsComparing String Functions and Regular Expression FunctionsFurther ReadingNext
5. Reusing Code and Writing Functions
Reusing CodeCostReliabilityConsistencyUsing require() and include()require()Filename Extensions and require()PHP Tags and require()Using require() for Website TemplatesUsing include()Using require_once() and include_once()Using auto_prepend_file and auto_append_fileUsing Functions in PHPCalling FunctionsCalling an Undefined FunctionUnderstanding Case and Function NamesUnderstanding Why You Should Define Your Own FunctionsExamining Basic Function StructureNaming Your FunctionUsing ParametersUnderstanding ScopePassing by Reference Versus Passing by ValueReturning from FunctionsReturning Values from FunctionsCode BlocksImplementing RecursionFurther ReadingNext
6. Object-Oriented PHP
Understanding Object-Oriented ConceptsClasses and ObjectsPolymorphismInheritanceCreating Classes, Attributes, and Operations in PHPStructure of a ClassConstructorsDestructorsInstantiating ClassesUsing Class AttributesControlling Access with private and publicCalling Class OperationsImplementing Inheritance in PHPControlling Visibility Through Inheritance with private and protectedOverridingPreventing Inheritance and Overriding with finalUnderstanding Multiple InheritanceImplementing InterfacesDesigning ClassesWriting the Code for Your ClassUnderstanding Advanced and New Object-Oriented Functionality in PHPNote: PHP4 Versus PHP5Using Per-Class ConstantsImplementing Static MethodsChecking Class Type and Type HintingCloning ObjectsUsing Abstract ClassesOverloading Methods with __call()Using __autoload()Implementing Iterators and IterationConverting Your Classes to StringsUsing the Reflection APINext
7. Exception Handling
Exception Handling ConceptsThe Exception ClassUser-Defined ExceptionsExceptions in Bob's Auto PartsExceptions and PHP's Other Error Handling MechanismsFurther ReadingNext
II. Using MySQL
8. Designing Your Web Database
Relational Database ConceptsTablesColumnsRowsValuesKeysSchemasRelationshipsHow to Design Your Web DatabaseThink About the Real-World Objects You Are ModelingAvoid Storing Redundant DataUse Atomic Column ValuesChoose Sensible KeysThink About the Questions You Want to Ask the DatabaseAvoid Designs with Many Empty AttributesSummary of Table TypesWeb Database ArchitectureArchitectureFurther ReadingNext
9. Creating Your Web Database
Using the MySQL MonitorLogging In to MySQLCreating Databases and UsersCreating the DatabaseSetting Up Users and PrivilegesIntroducing MySQL's Privilege SystemPrinciple of Least PrivilegeUser Setup: The GRANT CommandTypes and Levels of PrivilegesThe REVOKE CommandExamples Using GRANT and REVOKESetting Up a User for the WebLogging Out as rootUsing the Right DatabaseCreating Database TablesUnderstanding What the Other Keywords MeanUnderstanding the Column TypesLooking at the Database with SHOW and DESCRIBECreating IndexesA Note on Table TypesUnderstanding MySQL IdentifiersChoosing Column Data TypesNumeric TypesDate and Time TypesString TypesFurther ReadingNext
10. Working with Your MySQL Database
What Is SQL?Inserting Data into the DatabaseRetrieving Data from the DatabaseRetrieving Data with Specific CriteriaRetrieving Data from Multiple TablesSimple Two-Table JoinsJoining More Than Two TablesFinding Rows That Don't MatchUsing Other Names for Tables: AliasesSummary of JoinsRetrieving Data in a Particular OrderGrouping and Aggregating DataChoosing Which Rows to ReturnUsing SubqueriesBasic SubqueriesSubqueries and OperatorsCorrelated SubqueriesRow SubqueriesUsing a Subquery as a Temporary TableUpdating Records in the DatabaseAltering Tables After CreationDeleting Records from the DatabaseDropping TablesDropping a Whole DatabaseFurther ReadingNext
11. Accessing Your MySQL Database from the Web with PHP
How Web Database Architectures WorkQuerying a Database from the WebChecking and Filtering Input DataSetting Up a ConnectionChoosing a Database to UseQuerying the DatabaseRetrieving the Query ResultsDisconnecting from the DatabasePutting New Information in the DatabaseUsing Prepared StatementsUsing Other PHP-Database InterfacesUsing a Generic Database Interface: PEAR DBFurther ReadingNext
12. Advanced MySQL Administration
Understanding the Privilege System in DetailThe user TableThe db and host TablesThe tables_priv and columns_priv TablesAccess Control: How MySQL Uses the Grant TablesUpdating Privileges: When Do Changes Take Effect?Making Your MySQL Database SecureMySQL from the Operating System's Point of ViewPasswordsUser PrivilegesWeb IssuesGetting More Information About DatabasesGetting Information with SHOWGetting Information About Columns with DESCRIBEUnderstanding How Queries Work with EXPLAINSpeeding Up Queries with IndexesOptimizing Your DatabaseDesign OptimizationPermissionsTable OptimizationUsing IndexesUsing Default ValuesOther TipsBacking Up Your MySQL DatabaseRestoring Your MySQL DatabaseImplementing ReplicationSetting Up the MasterPerforming the Initial Data TransferSetting Up the Slave or SlavesFurther ReadingNext
13. Advanced MySQL Programming
The LOAD DATA INFILE StatementStorage EnginesTransactionsUnderstanding Transaction DefinitionsUsing Transactions with InnoDBForeign KeysStored ProceduresBasic ExampleLocal VariablesCursors and Control StructuresFurther ReadingNext
III. E-commerce and Security
14. Running an E-commerce Site
Deciding What You Want to AchieveConsidering the Types of Commercial WebsitesPublishing Information Using Online BrochuresFailing to Provide Important InformationPoor PresentationFailing to Answer Feedback Generated by the WebsiteAllowing the Site to AgeFailing to Track the Success of the SiteTaking Orders for Goods or ServicesUnanswered QuestionsTrustEase of UseCompatibilityProviding Services and Digital GoodsAdding Value to Goods or ServicesCutting CostsUnderstanding Risks and ThreatsCrackersFailure to Attract Sufficient BusinessComputer Hardware FailurePower, Communication, Network, or Shipping FailuresExtensive CompetitionSoftware ErrorsEvolving Governmental Policies and TaxesSystem Capacity LimitsDeciding on a StrategyNext
15. E-commerce Security Issues
How Important Is Your Information?Security ThreatsExposure of Confidential DataLoss or Destruction of DataModification of DataDenial of ServiceErrors in SoftwarePoor SpecificationsAssumptions Made by DevelopersPoor TestingRepudiationUsability, Performance, Cost, and SecuritySecurity Policy CreationAuthentication PrinciplesAuthenticationEncryption BasicsPrivate Key EncryptionPublic Key EncryptionDigital SignaturesDigital CertificatesSecure Web ServersAuditing and LoggingFirewallsData BackupsBacking Up General FilesBacking Up and Restoring Your MySQL DatabasePhysical SecurityNext
16. Implementing Authentication with PHP and MySQL
Identifying VisitorsImplementing Access ControlStoring PasswordsEncrypting PasswordsProtecting Multiple PagesUsing Basic AuthenticationUsing Basic Authentication in PHPUsing Basic Authentication with Apache's .htaccess FilesUsing Basic Authentication with IISUsing mod_auth_mysql AuthenticationInstalling mod_auth_mysqlDid It Work?Using mod_auth_mysqlCreating Your Own Custom AuthenticationFurther ReadingNext
17. Implementing Secure Transactions with PHP and MySQL
Providing Secure TransactionsThe User's MachineThe InternetYour SystemUsing Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)Screening User InputProviding Secure StorageDetermining Whether to Store Credit Card NumbersUsing Encryption in PHPInstalling GPGTesting GPGFurther ReadingNext
IV. Advanced PHP Techniques
18. Interacting with the File System and the Server
Uploading FilesHTML for File UploadA Note on SecurityWriting the PHP to Deal with the FileCommon ProblemsUsing Directory FunctionsReading from DirectoriesGetting Information About the Current DirectoryCreating and Deleting DirectoriesInteracting with the File SystemGetting File InformationChanging File PropertiesCreating, Deleting, and Moving FilesUsing Program Execution FunctionsInteracting with the Environment: getenv() and putenv()Further ReadingNext
19. Using Network and Protocol Functions
Examining Available ProtocolsSending and Reading EmailUsing Other WebsitesUsing Network Lookup FunctionsUsing FTPUsing FTP to Back Up or Mirror a FileConnecting to the Remote FTP ServerLogging In to the FTP ServerChecking File Update TimesDownloading the FileClosing the ConnectionUploading FilesAvoiding TimeoutsUsing Other FTP FunctionsFurther ReadingNext
20. Managing the Date and Time
Getting the Date and Time from PHPUsing the date() FunctionDealing with Unix TimestampsUsing the getdate() FunctionValidating DatesConverting Between PHP and MySQL Date FormatsCalculating Dates in PHPCalculating Dates in MySQLUsing MicrosecondsUsing the Calendar FunctionsFurther ReadingNext
21. Generating Images
Setting Up Image Support in PHPUnderstanding Image FormatsJPEGPNGWBMPGIFCreating ImagesCreating a Canvas ImageDrawing or Printing Text on the ImageOutputting the Final GraphicCleaning UpUsing Automatically Generated Images in Other PagesUsing Text and Fonts to Create ImagesSetting Up the Base CanvasFitting the Text onto the ButtonPositioning the TextWriting the Text onto the ButtonFinishing UpDrawing Figures and Graphing DataUsing Other Image FunctionsFurther ReadingNext
22. Using Session Control in PHP
What Session Control IsUnderstanding Basic Session FunctionalityWhat Is a Cookie?Setting Cookies from PHPUsing Cookies with SessionsStoring the Session IDImplementing Simple SessionsStarting a SessionRegistering Session VariablesUsing Session VariablesUnsetting Variables and Destroying the SessionCreating a Simple Session ExampleConfiguring Session ControlImplementing Authentication with Session ControlFurther ReadingNext
23. Other Useful Features
Using Magic QuotesEvaluating Strings: eval()Terminating Execution: die and exitSerializing Variables and ObjectsGetting Information About the PHP EnvironmentFinding Out What Extensions Are LoadedIdentifying the Script OwnerFinding Out When the Script Was ModifiedLoading Extensions DynamicallyTemporarily Altering the Runtime EnvironmentHighlighting Source CodeUsing PHP on the Command LineNext
V. Building Practical PHP and MySQL Projects
24. Using PHP and MySQL for Large Projects
Applying Software Engineering to Web DevelopmentPlanning and Running a Web Application ProjectReusing CodeWriting Maintainable CodeCoding StandardsDefining Naming ConventionsCommenting Your CodeIndentingBreaking Up CodeUsing a Standard Directory StructureDocumenting and Sharing In-House FunctionsImplementing Version ControlChoosing a Development EnvironmentDocumenting Your ProjectsPrototypingSeparating Logic and ContentOptimizing CodeUsing Simple OptimizationsUsing Zend ProductsTestingFurther ReadingNext
25. Debugging
Programming ErrorsSyntax ErrorsRuntime ErrorsCalls to Functions That Do Not ExistReading or Writing FilesInteraction with MySQL or Other DatabasesConnections to Network ServicesFailure to Check Input DataLogic ErrorsVariable Debugging AidError Reporting LevelsAltering the Error Reporting SettingsTriggering Your Own ErrorsHandling Errors GracefullyNext
26. Building User Authentication and Personalization
The ProblemSolution ComponentsUser Identification and PersonalizationStoring BookmarksRecommending BookmarksSolution OverviewImplementing the DatabaseImplementing the Basic SiteImplementing User AuthenticationRegisteringLogging InLogging OutChanging PasswordsResetting Forgotten PasswordsImplementing Bookmark Storage and RetrievalAdding BookmarksDisplaying BookmarksDeleting BookmarksImplementing RecommendationsWrapping Up and Considering Possible ExtensionsNext
27. Building a Shopping Cart
The ProblemSolution ComponentsBuilding an Online CatalogTracking Users' Purchases While They ShopImplementing a Payment SystemBuilding an Administration InterfaceSolution OverviewImplementing the DatabaseImplementing the Online CatalogListing CategoriesListing Books in a CategoryShowing Book DetailsImplementing the Shopping CartUsing the show_cart.php ScriptViewing the CartAdding Items to the CartSaving the Updated CartPrinting a Header Bar SummaryChecking OutImplementing PaymentImplementing an Administration InterfaceExtending the ProjectUsing an Existing SystemNext
28. Building a Content Management System
The ProblemSolution RequirementsExisting SystemsEditing ContentGetting Content into the SystemFTP/SCPFile Upload MethodEditing OnlineDatabases Versus File StorageDocument StructureUsing MetadataFormatting the OutputSolution Design/OverviewDesigning the DatabaseImplementing the CMSFront EndImage ManipulationBack EndSearchesEditor ScreenExtending the ProjectNext
29. Building a Web-Based Email Service
The ProblemSolution ComponentsSolution OverviewSetting Up the DatabaseExamining the Script ArchitectureLogging In and OutSetting Up AccountsCreating a New AccountModifying an Existing AccountDeleting an AccountReading MailSelecting an AccountViewing Mailbox ContentsReading a Mail MessageViewing Message HeadersDeleting MailSending MailSending a New MessageReplying To or Forwarding MailExtending the ProjectNext
30. Building a Mailing List Manager
The ProblemSolution ComponentsSetting Up a Database of Lists and SubscribersUsing File UploadSending Mail with AttachmentsSolution OverviewSetting Up the DatabaseDefining the Script ArchitectureImplementing LoginCreating a New AccountLogging InImplementing User FunctionsViewing ListsViewing List InformationViewing List ArchivesSubscribing and UnsubscribingChanging Account SettingsChanging PasswordsLogging OutImplementing Administrative FunctionsCreating a New ListUploading a New NewsletterHandling Multiple File UploadPreviewing the NewsletterSending the MessageExtending the ProjectNext
31. Building Web Forums
The ProblemSolution ComponentsSolution OverviewDesigning the DatabaseViewing the Tree of ArticlesExpanding and CollapsingDisplaying the ArticlesUsing the treenode ClassViewing Individual ArticlesAdding New ArticlesAdding ExtensionsUsing an Existing SystemNext
32. Generating Personalized Documents in Portable Document Format (PDF)
The ProblemEvaluating Document FormatsPaperASCIIHTMLWord Processor FormatsRich Text FormatPostScriptPortable Document FormatSolution ComponentsQuestion and Answer SystemDocument Generation SoftwareSoftware to Create RTF TemplateSoftware to Create PDF TemplateSoftware to Create PDF ProgrammaticallySolution OverviewAsking the QuestionsGrading the AnswersGenerating an RTF CertificateGenerating a PDF Certificate from a TemplateGenerating a PDF Document Using PDFlibA Hello World Script for PDFlibGenerating a Certificate with PDFlibHandling Problems with HeadersExtending the ProjectFurther ReadingNext
33. Connecting to Web Services with XML and SOAP
The ProblemUnderstanding XMLUnderstanding Web ServicesSOAPWSDLSolution ComponentsBuilding a Shopping CartUsing Amazon's Web Services InterfacesParsing XMLUsing SOAP with PHPCachingSolution OverviewCore ApplicationShowing Books in a CategoryGetting an AmazonResultSet ClassUsing REST/XML Over HTTPUsing SOAPCaching the DataBuilding the Shopping CartChecking Out to AmazonInstalling the Project CodeExtending the ProjectFurther Reading
VI. Appendixes
A. Installing PHP and MySQL
Running PHP as a CGI Interpreter or ModuleInstalling Apache, PHP, and MySQL Under UnixBinary InstallationSource InstallationInstalling MySQLInstalling PDFlibInstalling PHPhttpd.conf File: SnippetsIs PHP Support Working?Is SSL Working?Final StepsInstalling Apache, PHP, and MySQL Under WindowsInstalling MySQL Under WindowsSetting Your PATHDeleting the Anonymous UserSetting the root PasswordInstalling Apache Under WindowsInstalling PHP for WindowsAdding PHP to Your Apache ConfigurationAdding PHP and MySQL to Microsoft IIS and PWSTesting Your WorkInstalling PEARSetting Up Other Configurations
B. Web Resources
PHP ResourcesMySQL and SQL Specific ResourcesApache ResourcesWeb Development

Content preview from PHP and MySQL Web Development, Third Edition

Chapter 1. PHP Crash Course

This chapter gives you a quick overview of PHP syntax and language constructs. If you are already a PHP programmer, it might fill some gaps in your knowledge. If you have a background using C, Active Server Pages (ASP), or another programming language, it will help you get up to speed quickly.

In this book, you'll learn how to use PHP by working through lots of real-world examples taken from our experiences in building e-commerce sites. Often, programming textbooks teach basic syntax with very simple examples. We have chosen not to do that. We recognize that often what you want to do is get something up and running, to understand how the language is used, instead of plowing through yet another syntax and function reference ...

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PHP and MySQL Web Development, Third Edition

by Luke Welling, Laura Thomson

Chapter 1. PHP Crash Course

Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
and much more.