book

PHP Cookbook, 2nd Edition

by Adam Trachtenberg, David Sklar

August 2006

Intermediate to advanced

810 pages

19h 15m

English

O'Reilly Media, Inc.

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Who This Book Is ForWhat Is in This BookOther ResourcesConventions Used in This BookComments and QuestionsAcknowledgments
1.0. Introduction1.1. Accessing Substrings1.2. Extracting Substrings1.3. Replacing Substrings1.4. Processing a String One Byte at a Time1.5. Reversing a String by Word or Byte1.6. Expanding and Compressing Tabs1.7. Controlling Case1.8. Interpolating Functions and Expressions Within Strings1.9. Trimming Blanks from a String1.10. Generating Comma-Separated Data1.11. Parsing Comma-Separated Data1.12. Generating Fixed-Width Field Data Records1.13. Parsing Fixed-Width Field Data Records1.14. Taking Strings Apart1.15. Wrapping Text at a Certain Line Length1.16. Storing Binary Data in Strings1.17. Program: Downloadable CSV File
2.0. Introduction2.1. Checking Whether a Variable Contains a Valid Number2.2. Comparing Floating-Point Numbers2.3. Rounding Floating-Point Numbers2.4. Operating on a Series of Integers2.5. Generating Random Numbers Within a Range2.6. Generating Biased Random Numbers2.7. Taking Logarithms2.8. Calculating Exponents2.9. Formatting Numbers2.10. Formatting Monetary Values2.11. Printing Correct Plurals2.12. Calculating Trigonometric Functions2.13. Doing Trigonometry in Degrees, Not Radians2.14. Handling Very Large or Very Small Numbers2.15. Converting Between Bases2.16. Calculating Using Numbers in Bases Other Than Decimal2.17. Finding the Distance Between Two Places
3.0. Introduction3.1. Finding the Current Date and Time3.2. Converting Time and Date Parts to an Epoch Timestamp3.3. Converting an Epoch Timestamp to Time and Date Parts3.4. Printing a Date or Time in a Specified Format3.5. Finding the Difference of Two Dates3.6. Finding the Difference of Two Dates with Julian Days3.7. Finding the Day in a Week, Month, or Year3.8. Validating a Date3.9. Parsing Dates and Times from Strings3.10. Adding to or Subtracting from a Date3.11. Calculating Time with Time Zones3.12. Accounting for Daylight Savings Time3.13. Generating a High-Precision Time3.14. Generating Time Ranges3.15. Using Non-Gregorian Calendars3.16. Using Dates Outside the Range of an Epoch Timestamp3.17. Program: Calendar
4.0. Introduction4.1. Specifying an Array Not Beginning at Element 04.2. Storing Multiple Elements Per Key in an Array4.3. Initializing an Array to a Range of Integers4.4. Iterating Through an Array4.5. Deleting Elements from an Array4.6. Changing Array Size4.7. Appending One Array to Another4.8. Turning an Array into a String4.9. Printing an Array with Commas4.10. Checking if a Key Is in an Array4.11. Checking if an Element Is in an Array4.12. Finding the Position of a Value in an Array4.13. Finding Elements That Pass a Certain Test4.14. Finding the Largest or Smallest Valued Element in an Array4.15. Reversing an Array4.16. Sorting an Array4.17. Sorting an Array by a Computable Field4.18. Sorting Multiple Arrays4.19. Sorting an Array Using a Method Instead of a Function4.20. Randomizing an Array4.21. Removing Duplicate Elements from an Array4.22. Applying a Function to Each Element in an Array4.23. Finding the Union, Intersection, or Difference of Two Arrays4.24. Making an Object Act like an Array4.25. Program: Printing a Horizontally Columned HTML Table
5.0. Introduction5.1. Avoiding == Versus = Confusion5.2. Establishing a Default Value5.3. Exchanging Values Without Using Temporary Variables5.4. Creating a Dynamic Variable Name5.5. Using Static Variables5.6. Sharing Variables Between Processes5.7. Encapsulating Complex Data Types in a String5.8. Dumping Variable Contents as Strings
6.0. Introduction6.1. Accessing Function Parameters6.2. Setting Default Values for Function Parameters6.3. Passing Values by Reference6.4. Using Named Parameters6.5. Creating Functions That Take a Variable Number of Arguments6.6. Returning Values by Reference6.7. Returning More Than One Value6.8. Skipping Selected Return Values6.9. Returning Failure6.10. Calling Variable Functions6.11. Accessing a Global Variable Inside a Function6.12. Creating Dynamic Functions
7.0. Introduction7.1. Instantiating Objects7.2. Defining Object Constructors7.3. Defining Object Destructors7.4. Implementing Access Control7.5. Preventing Changes to Classes and Methods7.6. Defining Object Stringification7.7. Specifying Interfaces7.8. Creating Abstract Base Classes7.9. Assigning Object References7.10. Cloning Objects7.11. Overriding Property Accesses7.12. Calling Methods on an Object Returned by Another Method7.13. Aggregating Objects7.14. Accessing Overridden Methods7.15. Using Method Polymorphism7.16. Defining Class Constants7.17. Defining Static Properties and Methods7.18. Controlling Object Serialization7.19. Introspecting Objects7.20. Checking if an Object Is an Instance of a Specific Class7.21. Autoloading Class Files upon Object Instantiation7.22. Instantiating an Object Dynamically7.23. Program: whereis
8.0. Introduction8.1. Setting Cookies8.2. Reading Cookie Values8.3. Deleting Cookies8.4. Redirecting to a Different Location8.5. Detecting Different Browsers8.6. Building a Query String8.7. Reading the Post Request Body8.8. Generating HTML Tables with Alternating Row Styles8.9. Using HTTP Basic or Digest Authentication8.10. Using Cookie Authentication8.11. Flushing Output to the Browser8.12. Buffering Output to the Browser8.13. Compressing Web Output8.14. Reading Environment Variables8.15. Setting Environment Variables8.16. Communicating Within Apache8.17. Program: Web Site Account (De)activator8.18. Program: Tiny Wiki

9.0. Introduction9.1. Processing Form Input9.2. Validating Form Input: Required Fields9.3. Validating Form Input: Numbers9.4. Validating Form Input: Email Addresses9.5. Validating Form Input: Drop-Down Menus9.6. Validating Form Input: Radio Buttons9.7. Validating Form Input: Checkboxes9.8. Validating Form Input: Dates and Times9.9. Validating Form Input: Credit Cards9.10. Preventing Cross-Site Scripting9.11. Working with Multipage Forms9.12. Redisplaying Forms with Inline Error Messages9.13. Guarding Against Multiple Submission of the Same Form9.14. Processing Uploaded Files9.15. Preventing Global Variable Injection9.16. Handling Remote Variables with Periods in Their Names9.17. Using Form Elements with Multiple Options9.18. Creating Drop-Down Menus Based on the Current Date
10.0. Introduction10.1. Using DBM Databases10.2. Using an SQLite Database10.3. Connecting to an SQL Database10.4. Querying an SQL Database10.5. Retrieving Rows Without a Loop10.6. Modifying Data in an SQL Database10.7. Repeating Queries Efficiently10.8. Finding the Number of Rows Returned by a Query10.9. Escaping Quotes10.10. Logging Debugging Information and Errors10.11. Creating Unique Identifiers10.12. Building Queries Programmatically10.13. Making Paginated Links for a Series of Records10.14. Caching Queries and Results10.15. Accessing a Database Connection Anywhere in Your Program10.16. Program: Storing a Threaded Message Board
11.0. Introduction11.1. Using Session Tracking11.2. Preventing Session Hijacking11.3. Preventing Session Fixation11.4. Storing Sessions in a Database11.5. Storing Sessions in Shared Memory11.6. Storing Arbitrary Data in Shared Memory11.7. Caching Calculated Results in Summary Tables
12.0. Introduction12.1. Generating XML as a String12.2. Generating XML with the DOM12.3. Parsing Basic XML Documents12.4. Parsing Complex XML Documents12.5. Parsing Large XML Documents12.6. Extracting Information Using XPath12.7. Transforming XML with XSLT12.8. Setting XSLT Parameters from PHP12.9. Calling PHP Functions from XSLT Stylesheets12.10. Validating XML Documents12.11. Handling Content Encoding12.12. Reading RSS and Atom Feeds12.13. Writing RSS Feeds12.14. Writing Atom Feeds
13.0. Introduction13.1. Fetching a URL with the Get Method13.2. Fetching a URL with the Post Method13.3. Fetching a URL with Cookies13.4. Fetching a URL with Arbitrary Headers13.5. Fetching a URL with an Arbitrary Method13.6. Fetching a URL with a Timeout13.7. Fetching an HTTPS URL13.8. Debugging the Raw HTTP Exchange13.9. Marking Up a Web Page13.10. Cleaning Up Broken or Nonstandard HTML13.11. Extracting Links from an HTML File13.12. Converting Plain Text to HTML13.13. Converting HTML to Plain Text13.14. Removing HTML and PHP Tags13.15. Responding to an Ajax Request13.16. Integrating with JavaScript13.17. Program: Finding Stale Links13.18. Program: Finding Fresh Links
14.0. Introduction14.1. Calling a REST Method14.2. Calling a SOAP Method with WSDL14.3. Calling a SOAP Method Without WSDL14.4. Debugging SOAP Requests14.5. Using Complex SOAP Types14.6. Setting SOAP Types14.7. Using SOAP Headers14.8. Using Authentication with SOAP14.9. Redefining an Endpoint14.10. Catching SOAP Faults14.11. Mapping XML Schema Data Types to PHP Classes14.12. Calling an XML-RPC Method14.13. Using Authentication with XML-RPC
15.0. Introduction15.1. Serving a REST Method15.2. Serving a SOAP Method15.3. Accepting Arguments in a SOAP Method15.4. Generating WSDL Automatically15.5. Throwing SOAP Faults15.6. Processing a SOAP Header15.7. Generating a SOAP Header15.8. Using Authentication with SOAP15.9. Serving an XML-RPC Method
16.0. Introduction16.1. Sending Mail16.2. Sending MIME Mail16.3. Reading Mail with IMAP or POP316.4. Posting Messages to Usenet Newsgroups16.5. Reading Usenet News Messages16.6. Getting and Putting Files with FTP16.7. Looking Up Addresses with LDAP16.8. Using LDAP for User Authentication16.9. Performing DNS Lookups16.10. Checking if a Host Is Alive16.11. Getting Information About a Domain Name
17.0. Introduction17.1. Drawing Lines, Rectangles, and Polygons17.2. Drawing Arcs, Ellipses, and Circles17.3. Drawing with Patterned Lines17.4. Drawing Text17.5. Drawing Centered Text17.6. Building Dynamic Images17.7. Getting and Setting a Transparent Color17.8. Reading EXIF Data17.9. Serving Images Securely17.10. Program: Generating Bar Charts from Poll Results
18.0. Introduction18.1. Preventing Session Fixation18.2. Protecting Against Form Spoofing18.3. Ensuring Input Is Filtered18.4. Avoiding Cross-Site Scripting18.5. Eliminating SQL Injection18.6. Keeping Passwords Out of Your Site Files18.7. Storing Passwords18.8. Dealing with Lost Passwords18.9. Verifying Data with Hashes18.10. Encrypting and Decrypting Data18.11. Storing Encrypted Data in a File or Database18.12. Sharing Encrypted Data with Another Web Site18.13. Detecting SSL18.14. Encrypting Email with GPG
19.0. Introduction19.1. Listing Available Locales19.2. Using a Particular Locale19.3. Setting the Default Locale19.4. Localizing Text Messages19.5. Localizing Dates and Times19.6. Localizing Currency Values19.7. Localizing Images19.8. Localizing Included Files19.9. Managing Localization Resources19.10. Using gettext19.11. Setting the Character Encoding of Outgoing Data19.12. Setting the Character Encoding of Incoming Data19.13. Manipulating UTF-8 Text
20.0. Introduction20.1. Finding and Fixing Parse Errors20.2. Creating Your Own Exception Classes20.3. Printing a Stack Trace20.4. Reading Configuration Variables20.5. Setting Configuration Variables20.6. Hiding Error Messages from Users20.7. Tuning Error Handling20.8. Using a Custom Error Handler20.9. Logging Errors20.10. Eliminating “headers already sent” Errors20.11. Logging Debugging Information20.12. Using a Debugger Extension20.13. Writing a Unit Test20.14. Writing a Unit Test Suite20.15. Applying a Unit Test to a Web Page20.16. Setting Up a Test Environment
21.0. Introduction21.1. Timing Function Execution21.2. Timing Program Execution21.3. Profiling with a Debugger Extension21.4. Stress Testing Your Web Site21.5. Avoiding Regular Expressions21.6. Using an Accelerator
22.0. Introduction22.1. Switching from ereg to preg22.2. Matching Words22.3. Finding the nth Occurrence of a Match22.4. Choosing Greedy or Nongreedy Matches22.5. Finding All Lines in a File That Match a Pattern22.6. Capturing Text Inside HTML Tags22.7. Preventing Parentheses from Capturing Text22.8. Escaping Special Characters in a Regular Expression22.9. Reading Records with a Pattern Separator22.10. Using a PHP Function in a Regular Expression
23.0. Introduction23.1. Creating or Opening a Local File23.2. Creating a Temporary File23.3. Opening a Remote File23.4. Reading from Standard Input23.5. Reading a File into a String23.6. Counting Lines, Paragraphs, or Records in a File23.7. Processing Every Word in a File23.8. Picking a Random Line from a File23.9. Randomizing All Lines in a File23.10. Processing Variable-Length Text Fields23.11. Reading Configuration Files23.12. Modifying a File in Place Without a Temporary File23.13. Flushing Output to a File23.14. Writing to Standard Output23.15. Writing to Many Filehandles Simultaneously23.16. Escaping Shell Metacharacters23.17. Passing Input to a Program23.18. Reading Standard Output from a Program23.19. Reading Standard Error from a Program23.20. Locking a File23.21. Reading and Writing Custom File Types23.22. Reading and Writing Compressed Files
24.0. Introduction24.1. Getting and Setting File Timestamps24.2. Getting File Information24.3. Changing File Permissions or Ownership24.4. Splitting a Filename into Its Component Parts24.5. Deleting a File24.6. Copying or Moving a File24.7. Processing All Files in a Directory24.8. Getting a List of Filenames Matching a Pattern24.9. Processing All Files in a Directory Recursively24.10. Making New Directories24.11. Removing a Directory and Its Contents24.12. Program: Web Server Directory Listing24.13. Program: Site Search
25.0. Introduction25.1. Parsing Program Arguments25.2. Parsing Program Arguments with getopt25.3. Reading from the Keyboard25.4. Running PHP Code on Every Line of an Input File25.5. Reading Passwords25.6. Program: Command Shell
26.0. Introduction26.1. Using the PEAR Installer26.2. Finding PEAR Packages26.3. Finding Information About a Package26.4. Installing PEAR Packages26.5. Upgrading PEAR Packages26.6. Uninstalling PEAR Packages26.7. Installing PECL Packages

Content preview from PHP Cookbook, 2nd Edition

About the Authors

Adam Trachtenberg is the Director of Platform and Services for eBay and is the author of two O'Reilly books, Upgrading to PHP 5 and PHP Cookbook.Adam has an MBA from Columbia Business School. While there, he focused on general management and operations, with an emphasis on the field of technology. Adam also has a BA from Columbia University. As an undergraduate he majored in mathematics, and his other studies included computer science and Chinese.Before returning to school, he cofounded and served as vice president for development at two companies, Student.Com and TVGrid.Com. At both firms, he led the front- and middle-end web site design and development, worked on corporate planning and strategy, and served as liaison between the product and marketing teams.

David Sklar is an independent consultant specializing in software development, strategic planning, and technical training. He was a co-founder and the Chief Technology Officer of Student.Com and TVGrid.Com. At both companies, David oversaw the architecture and development of varied systems to deliver personalized dynamic content to users around the world.After discovering PHP as a solution to his web programming needs in 1996, he created the PX (http://px.sklar.com/), which enables PHP users to exchange programs. Since then, he has continued to rely on PHP for personal and professional projects. He is the author of O'Reilly's Learning PHP 5, Essential PHP Tools (Apress) and the coauthor of PHP Cookbook (O'Reilly). ...