book

Programming C# 10

by Ian Griffiths

August 2022

Intermediate to advanced

833 pages

25h 30m

English

O'Reilly Media, Inc.

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Who This Book Is ForConventions Used in This BookUsing Code ExamplesO’Reilly Online LearningHow to Contact UsAcknowledgments
Why C#?Managed Code and the CLRC# Prefers Generality to SpecializationC# Standards and ImplementationsMany .NETsRelease Cycles and Long Term SupportTarget Multiple .NET Versions with .NET StandardVisual Studio, Visual Studio Code, and JetBrains RiderAnatomy of a Simple ProgramWriting a Unit TestNamespacesClassesUnit TestsSummary
Local VariablesScopeVariable Name AmbiguityLocal Variable InstancesStatements and ExpressionsStatementsExpressionsComments and WhitespacePreprocessing DirectivesCompilation Symbols#error and #warning#line#pragma#nullable#region and #endregionFundamental Data TypesNumeric TypesBooleansStrings and CharactersTuplesDynamicObjectOperatorsFlow ControlBoolean Decisions with if StatementsMultiple Choice with switch StatementsLoops: while and doC-Style for LoopsCollection Iteration with foreach LoopsPatternsCombining and Negating PatternsRelational PatternsGetting More Specific with whenPatterns in ExpressionsSummary
ClassesStatic MembersStatic ClassesRecordsReferences and NullsBanishing Null with Non-Nullable ReferencesStructsWhen to Write a Value TypeGuaranteeing ImmutabilityRecord StructsClass, Structs, Records, or Tuples?MembersAccessibilityFieldsConstructorsDeconstructorsMethodsPropertiesOperatorsEventsNested TypesInterfacesDefault Interface ImplementationEnumsOther TypesAnonymous TypesPartial Types and MethodsSummary
Generic TypesConstraintsType ConstraintsReference Type ConstraintsValue Type ConstraintsValue Types All the Way Down with Unmanaged ConstraintsNot Null ConstraintsOther Special Type ConstraintsMultiple ConstraintsZero-Like ValuesGeneric MethodsType InferenceGenerics and TuplesInside GenericsSummary
ArraysArray InitializationSearching and SortingMultidimensional ArraysCopying and ResizingList<T>List and Sequence InterfacesImplementing Lists and SequencesImplementing IEnumerable<T> with IteratorsCollection<T>ReadOnlyCollection<T>Addressing Elements with Index and Range SyntaxSystem.IndexSystem.RangeSupporting Index and Range in Your Own TypesDictionariesSorted DictionariesSetsQueues and StacksLinked ListsConcurrent CollectionsImmutable CollectionsSummary
Inheritance and ConversionsInterface InheritanceGenericsCovariance and ContravarianceSystem.ObjectThe Ubiquitous Methods of System.ObjectAccessibility and InheritanceVirtual MethodsAbstract MethodsInheritance and Library VersioningSealed Methods and ClassesAccessing Base MembersInheritance and ConstructionRecord TypesRecords, Inheritance, and the with KeywordSpecial Base TypesSummary
Garbage CollectionDetermining ReachabilityAccidentally Defeating the Garbage CollectorWeak ReferencesReclaiming MemoryGarbage Collector ModesTemporarily Suspending Garbage CollectionsAccidentally Defeating CompactionForcing Garbage CollectionsDestructors and FinalizationIDisposableOptional DisposalBoxingBoxing Nullable<T>Summary
Exception SourcesExceptions from APIsFailures Detected by the RuntimeHandling ExceptionsException ObjectsMultiple catch BlocksException FiltersNested try Blocksfinally BlocksThrowing ExceptionsRethrowing ExceptionsFailing FastException TypesCustom ExceptionsUnhandled ExceptionsSummary
Delegate TypesCreating a DelegateMulticast DelegatesInvoking a DelegateCommon Delegate TypesType CompatibilityBehind the SyntaxAnonymous FunctionsCaptured VariablesLambdas and Expression TreesEventsStandard Event Delegate PatternCustom Add and Remove MethodsEvents and the Garbage CollectorEvents Versus DelegatesDelegates Versus InterfacesSummary

Query ExpressionsHow Query Expressions ExpandSupporting Query ExpressionsDeferred EvaluationLINQ, Generics, and IQueryable<T>Standard LINQ OperatorsFilteringSelectSelectManyChunkingOrderingContainment TestsSpecific Items and SubrangesAggregationSet OperationsWhole-Sequence, Order-Preserving OperationsGroupingJoinsConversionSequence GenerationOther LINQ ImplementationsEntity Framework CoreParallel LINQ (PLINQ)LINQ to XMLIAsyncEnumerable<T>Reactive ExtensionsSummary
Fundamental InterfacesIObserver<T>IObservable<T>Publishing and Subscribing with DelegatesCreating an Observable Source with DelegatesSubscribing to an Observable Source with DelegatesSequence BuildersEmptyNeverReturnThrowRangeRepeatGenerateLINQ QueriesGrouping OperatorsJoin OperatorsSelectMany OperatorAggregation and Other Single-Value OperatorsConcat OperatorRx Query OperatorsMergeWindowing OperatorsThe Scan OperatorThe Amb OperatorDistinctUntilChangedSchedulersSpecifying SchedulersBuilt-in SchedulersSubjectsSubject<T>BehaviorSubject<T>ReplaySubject<T>AsyncSubject<T>AdaptationIEnumerable<T> and IAsyncEnumerable<T>.NET EventsAsynchronous APIsTimed OperationsIntervalTimerTimestampTimeIntervalThrottleSampleTimeoutWindowing OperatorsDelayDelaySubscriptionReaqtor—Rx as a ServiceSummary
Anatomy of an Assembly.NET MetadataResourcesMultifile AssembliesOther PE FeaturesType IdentityLoading AssembliesAssembly ResolutionExplicit LoadingIsolation and Plug-ins with AssemblyLoadContextAssembly NamesStrong NamesVersionVersion Numbers and Assembly LoadingCultureProtectionTarget Frameworks and .NET StandardSummary
Reflection TypesAssemblyModuleMemberInfoType and TypeInfoMethodBase, ConstructorInfo, and MethodInfoParameterInfoFieldInfoPropertyInfoEventInfoReflection ContextsSummary
Applying AttributesAttribute TargetsCompiler-Handled AttributesCLR-Handled AttributesDefining and Consuming AttributesAttribute TypesRetrieving AttributesMetadata-Only LoadSummary
The Stream ClassPosition and SeekingFlushingCopyingLengthDisposalAsynchronous OperationConcrete Stream TypesOne Type, Many BehaviorsRandom Access and Scatter/Gather I/O Without StreamText-Oriented TypesTextReader and TextWriterConcrete Reader and Writer TypesEncodingFiles and DirectoriesFileStream ClassFile ClassDirectory ClassPath ClassFileInfo, DirectoryInfo, and FileSystemInfoKnown FoldersSerializationBinaryReader, BinaryWriter, and BinaryPrimitivesCLR SerializationJSONSummary
ThreadsThreads, Variables, and Shared StateThread-Local StorageThe Thread ClassThe Thread PoolThread Affinity and SynchronizationContextExecutionContextSynchronizationMonitors and the lock KeywordSpinLockReader/Writer LocksEvent ObjectsBarrierCountdownEventSemaphoresMutexInterlockedLazy InitializationOther Class Library Concurrency SupportTasksThe Task and Task<T> ClassesContinuationsSchedulersError HandlingCustom Threadless TasksParent/Child RelationshipsComposite TasksOther Asynchronous PatternsCancellationParallelismThe Parallel ClassParallel LINQTPL DataflowSummary
Asynchronous Keywords: async and awaitExecution and Synchronization ContextsMultiple Operations and LoopsReturning a TaskApplying async to Nested MethodsThe await PatternError HandlingValidating ArgumentsSingular and Multiple ExceptionsConcurrent Operations and Missed ExceptionsSummary
(Don’t) Copy ThatRepresenting Sequential Elements with Span<T>Utility MethodsStack OnlyRepresenting Sequential Elements with Memory<T>ReadOnlySequence<T>Processing Data Streams with PipelinesProcessing JSON in ASP.NET CoreSummary

Content preview from Programming C# 10

Chapter 1. Introducing C#

The C# programming language (pronounced “see sharp”) is used for many kinds of applications, including websites, cloud-based systems, IoT devices, machine learning, desktop applications, embedded controllers, mobile apps, games, and command-line utilities. C#, along with the supporting runtime, libraries, and tools known collectively as .NET, has been center stage for Windows developers for over 20 years. Today, .NET is cross-platform and open source, enabling applications and services written in C# to run on operating systems including Android, iOS, macOS, and Linux, as well as on Windows.

The release of C# 10.0 and its corresponding runtime, .NET 6.0, marks an important milestone: C#’s journey to becoming a fully cross-platform, open source language is now complete. Although open source implementations have existed for most of C#’s history, a sea change began in 2016 when Microsoft released .NET Core 1.0, the first platform fully supported by Microsoft for running C# on Linux and macOS as well as Windows. Library and tool support for .NET Core was initially patchy, so Microsoft continued to ship new versions of its older runtime, the closed-source, Windows-only .NET Framework, but six years on, that old runtime is effectively being retired,¹ now that the cross-platform version has comprehensively overtaken it. .NET 5.0 dropped the “Core” from its name to signify that it is now the main event, but it is with .NET 6.0 that the cross-platform version has ...