Public Administration in Post-Communist Countries

58  ◾  Public Administration in Post-Communist Countries

falling receipts from state-owned enterprises, which were shutting down and unable to sell their

products, and from individual income tax, which reduced as people started losing jobs.

With an accumulating budget deficit, the Kazakhstan government had to seek help from

international institutions. Initial IMF loans helped to optimize the budget by restructuring expen-

diture through cutting social assistance to vulnerable populations and divesting enterprises of

social assistance programs, which was the standard approach of IMF and the WB in developing

countries.

To support the failing economy ...