What, Why, When, and How of Value EngineeringWhat Is Value Engineering?When Does Value Engineering Occur?Challenges to Simple Cost vs. Risk AnalysisEstimating Software EffortThe Aspect of Software SizeSoftware LengthSoftware ComplexityFunctional SizeEstimating Using Function PointsFunction Point Cost DriversEstimating Using COSMICThe Relationship between Functional Size and EffortEstimating Using COCOMO and Its DerivativesCOCOMOWEBMOCOSYSMOFeature PointsUse Case PointsConsiderations for Nonfunctional Requirements in Size MeasurementsSoftware Effort Estimation in PracticeRequirements Feature Cost JustificationReturn on InvestmentNet Present ValueInternal Rate of ReturnProfitability IndexPayback PeriodDiscounted PaybackPutting It All TogetherExercisesNoteReferences