book

Semantic Web Programming

Name: Semantic Web Programming
ISBN: 9780470418017

by John Hebeler, Matthew Fisher, Ryan Blace, Andrew Perez-Lopez, Mike Dean

April 2009

Intermediate to advanced

646 pages

15h 30m

English

Wiley

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Copyright
About the Authors
About The Technical Editors
Credits
Acknowledgments
Foreword
Introduction
Overview of the Book and TechnologyHow This Book Is OrganizedWho Should Read This BookTools You Will NeedWhat's on the WebsiteSummary (From Here, Up Next, and So On)
I. Introducing Semantic Web Programming
1. Preparing to Program a Semantic Web of Data
1.1. Defining the Semantic Web1.2. Identifying the Major Programming Components1.3. Determining Impacts on Programming1.3.1. Establishing a Web Data–Centric Perspective1.3.2. Expressing Semantic Data1.3.3. Sharing Data1.3.4. Making Data Dynamic and Flexible1.4. Avoiding the Roadblocks, Myths, and Hype1.4.1. Semantic Web Roadblocks1.4.2. Semantic Web Myths1.4.3. Semantic Web Hype1.5. Understanding Semantic Web Origins1.6. Exploring Semantic Web Examples1.6.1. Semantic Wikis (semantic-mediawiki.org)1.6.2. Twine (www.twine.com)1.6.3. The FOAF Project (www.foaf-project.org)1.6.4. RDFa and Microformats1.6.5. Semantic Query Endpoint (dbpedia.org/sparql)1.6.6. Semantic Search (www.trueknowledge.com)1.7. Summary and Onward1.8. Notes
2. Hello Semantic Web World
2.1. Setting Up Your Semantic Web Development Environment2.2. Programming the Hello Semantic Web World Application2.3. Summary
II. Foundations of Semantic Web Programming

3. Modeling Information
3.1. Modeling Information in Software3.1.1. Sharing Information: Syntax and Semantics3.1.1.1. Serialized Objects3.1.1.2. Relational Databases3.1.1.3. Extensible Markup Language (XML)3.1.2. Metadata and Data in Information Sharing3.2. The Semantic Web Information Model: The Resource Description Framework (RDF)3.2.1. Nodes: Resources and Literals3.2.2. Edges: Predicates3.3. Exchanging Information with RDF3.3.1. Statements as Points3.3.2. RDF Serializations3.3.2.1. RDF/XML3.3.2.1.1. Comments3.3.2.1.2. Statements3.3.2.1.3. Resources3.3.2.1.4. Literals3.3.2.1.5. Shorthand and Special Features3.3.2.2. Terse RDF Triple Language (Turtle)3.3.2.2.1. Comments3.3.2.2.2. Statements3.3.2.2.3. Resources3.3.2.2.4. Literals3.3.2.2.5. Shorthand and Special Features3.3.2.3. N-Triples3.3.2.4. Quick Hack3.3.3. More RDF3.3.3.1. Blank Nodes3.3.3.2. Reification3.3.3.3. RDF Organizational Constructs3.3.3.3.1. RDF Containers3.3.3.3.2. RDF Lists3.4. Summary
4. Incorporating Semantics
4.1. Semantics on the Web4.1.1. Motivating Factors4.1.1.1. Understanding the World Wide Web4.1.1.2. Knowledge Domain Integration4.1.2. Expressing Semantics in RDF4.1.2.1. Vocabularies, Taxonomies, and Ontologies4.1.2.2. A Vocabulary Language for RDF4.1.2.3. An Ontology Language for the Web4.2. Introduction to Ontologies4.2.1. Distributed Knowledge4.2.1.1. Open World Assumption4.2.1.2. No Unique Names Assumption4.2.2. Overview of Ontology Elements4.2.2.1. Ontology Header4.2.2.2. Classes and Individuals4.2.2.3. Properties4.2.2.4. Annotations4.2.2.5. Datatypes4.3. Elements of an Ontology4.3.1. OWL 2 Typing4.3.2. Ontology Header4.3.3. Annotations4.3.4. Basic Classification4.3.4.1. Classes and Individuals4.3.4.2. rdfs:SubClassOf4.3.4.3. Instance versus Subclass4.3.4.4. owl:Thing and owl:Nothing4.3.5. Defining and Using Properties4.3.6. Property Domain and Range4.3.7. Describing Properties4.3.7.1. rdfs:subPropertyOf4.3.7.2. Top and Bottom Properties4.3.7.3. Inverse Properties4.3.7.4. Disjoint Properties4.3.7.5. Property Chains4.3.7.6. Symmetric, Reflexive, and Transitive Properties4.3.7.7. Functional and Inverse Functional Properties4.3.7.8. Keys4.3.8. Datatypes4.3.8.1. Datatype Restrictions4.3.8.2. Defining Datatypes in Terms of Other Datatypes4.3.9. Negative Property Assertions4.3.10. Property Restrictions4.3.10.1. Value Restrictions4.3.10.2. Cardinality Restrictions4.3.10.3. Qualified Cardinality Restrictions4.3.11. Advanced Class Description4.3.11.1. Enumerating Class Membership4.3.11.2. Set Operators4.3.11.3. Disjoint Classes4.3.12. Equivalence in OWL4.3.12.1. Equivalence among Individuals4.3.12.2. Equivalence among Classes and Properties4.4. Summary
5. Modeling Knowledge in the Real World
5.1. Exploring the Components of the Semantic Web5.1.1. Semantic Web Frameworks5.1.2. Storing and Retrieving RDF5.1.2.1. RDF Store Implementations5.1.2.2. Retrieving Information in a Knowledgebase5.1.3. Realizing the Semantics of OWL5.1.3.1. Understanding Forward Chaining Inference5.1.3.2. Understanding Backward Chaining Inference5.1.3.3. Choosing the Right Inference Method5.1.4. Common Frameworks and Components5.1.4.1. RDF Store Implementations5.1.4.2. Retrieval Components5.1.4.3. Reasoning Engines5.1.5. Knowledgebase Performance5.2. Exploring the Profiles of OWL5.2.1. OWL Full and OWL DL5.2.2. The Profiles of OWL5.2.2.1. OWL EL5.2.2.2. OWL QL5.2.2.3. OWL RL5.3. Demonstrating OWL Inference5.3.1. The Ontology5.3.2. The Example Application5.3.3. The Results5.3.3.1. Performing No Inference5.3.3.2. Performing RDFS Inference5.3.3.3. Performing OWL Inference5.4. Working with Ontologies5.4.1. Decoupling the Knowledge Model from the Application5.4.2. Sharing across Domain and Application Boundaries5.4.3. What Is a Foundational Ontology?5.4.4. Common Foundational Ontologies5.4.4.1. BFO5.4.4.2. Cyc and OpenCyc5.4.4.3. DOLCE5.4.4.4. SUMO5.4.4.5. Dublin Core Metadata Initiative5.4.4.6. FOAF5.4.4.7. GeoRSS and OWL-Time5.4.5. Finding Ontologies to Reuse or Extend5.4.6. Choosing the Right Foundational Ontologies5.5. Summary
6. Discovering Information
6.1. Navigating the Semantic Web6.2. Searching the Semantic Web6.3. Querying the Semantic Web6.3.1. Quickstart with SPARQL6.3.2. Four Foundational Query Forms6.3.3. SELECT Essentials6.3.4. RDF Datasets, FROM and FROM NAMED6.3.5. Query Modifiers6.3.5.1. DISTINCT6.3.5.2. REDUCED6.3.5.3. ORDER BY6.3.5.4. Data Streaming with OFFSET and LIMIT6.3.5.5. Flexible Querying with FILTER and OPTIONAL6.3.5.6. FILTER6.3.5.7. OPTIONAL6.3.5.8. UNION6.3.6. CONSTRUCT Essentials6.3.7. DESCRIBE Essentials6.3.8. ASK Essentials6.3.9. SPARQL Entailment6.3.10. Unsupported Functionality6.3.10.1. Data Modification6.3.10.2. Subqueries6.3.10.3. Aggregation6.4. Summary
7. Adding Rules
7.1. What Are Rules?7.2. Reasons for Rules7.2.1. No Support for Property Composition7.2.2. Use of Built-ins7.2.3. Ontological Mediation7.2.4. Limiting Assumptions7.3. Rule Languages7.4. SWRL Essentials7.4.1. The Abstract Syntax7.4.2. The XML Concrete Syntax7.4.2.1. var7.4.2.2. imp7.4.2.3. _rlab7.4.2.4. _body7.4.2.5. _head7.4.2.6. classAtom7.4.2.7. datarangeAtom7.4.2.8. individualPropertyAtom7.4.2.9. datavaluedPropertyAtom7.4.2.10. sameIndividualAtom7.4.2.11. differentIndividualsAtom7.4.2.12. builtinAtom7.4.3. The RDF Concrete Syntax7.4.4. Built-ins7.4.4.1. Examples7.4.5. DL-Safe Rules7.4.6. Ontological Mediation7.4.6.1. Mapping Friends without Upsetting Any of Them7.4.6.2. The Power of Rules7.5. Jena Rules7.6. Rule Interchange Format7.6.1. Delving into the Details7.6.2. The Future of RIF7.7. Summary
III. Building Semantic Web Applications
8. Applying a Programming Framework
8.1. Framing the Semantic Web8.2. The Jena Semantic Web Framework8.2.1. Defining Jena Programming Concepts8.3. Programming with Jena8.3.1. Establishing the Jena Development Environment8.3.2. Establishing the Knowledgebase: Setting Up the Model8.3.3. Populating the Model with Semantic Web Data8.3.4. Combining Semantic Web Data8.3.5. Interrogating Semantic Web Data8.3.6. Reasoning across Semantic Web Data8.3.7. Exporting Semantic Web Data8.3.8. Deallocating Semantic Web Data Resources8.3.9. Managing Semantic Web Data8.3.9.1. Getting Information Regarding Your Semantic Web Data8.3.9.2. Generating Events Based on Semantic Web Data8.3.9.3. Dealing with Concurrency and Your Semantic Web Data8.3.9.4. Customizing the Jena Framework8.3.9.5. Serializing Semantic Web Data8.4. Common App Overview: FriendTracker8.5. Summary
9. Combining Information
9.1. Combining Information9.1.1. Representing Information9.1.2. Translating between Representations9.1.3. Addressing the Challenges of Translation9.1.3.1. Maintaining Fidelity9.1.3.2. Tracking Provenance Information9.1.3.3. Reversing the Process9.1.3.4. Handling Varying Data9.1.3.5. Managing Data Volume9.1.4. Introducing the FriendTracker Data Sources9.1.4.1. Facebook XML Web Service9.1.4.2. Jabber Java Client9.1.4.3. Upcoming.org XML Web Service9.1.4.4. WordPress Relational Database9.2. Exposing XML-Based Web Services as RDF9.2.1. Introducing the Weather.gov XML Feed9.2.2. Exposing XML Using XSL Transformations9.2.2.1. Traversing XML Documents with XPath9.2.2.2. Applying XSLT to a Simple Example9.2.2.3. Processing XML and XSLT Programmatically9.2.2.4. Applying XSLT to the Facebook Data Source9.2.2.5. Weighing the Benefits and the Costs of XSLT9.2.3. Exposing XML Using XML Bindings and Velocity9.2.3.1. Generating Java Bindings for XML Data9.2.3.2. Unmarshalling XML Data into Java9.2.3.3. Introducing the Velocity Template Engine9.2.3.4. Generating RDF with Velocity9.2.3.5. Weighing the Benefits and the Costs9.3. Exposing Relational Databases as RDF9.3.1. Exposing a WordPress Blog Using D2RQ9.3.1.1. Creating D2RQ Mappings for the WordPress Database9.3.1.2. Wrapping the D2RQ Instance in a Jena Model9.3.1.3. Querying the D2RQ Exposed WordPress Database9.3.1.4. Weighing the Benefits and the Costs of D2RQ9.4. Exposing Other Sources of Data9.4.1. Exposing Jabber with a Custom Streaming RDF Writer9.4.2. Exposing Java Objects Using Reflection9.4.2.1. Applying the RDF Generator to the Weather.gov XML Feed9.4.2.2. Applying the RDF Generator to the Upcoming.org XML Feed9.5. Summary
10. Aligning Information
10.1. Data Source, Domain, and Application Ontologies10.2. Aligning Ontologies10.2.1. Ontology Constructs10.2.2. Translation via Rules10.2.3. Explicit Translation10.2.4. Ad Hoc Approaches to Translation10.3. FriendTracker10.3.1. Aligning Ontologies with OWL and SWRL10.3.2. Aligning Ontologies with XSLT10.3.3. Aligning Ontologies with Code10.3.4. Aligning Simple Ontologies with RDFS10.4. Record Linkage10.5. Summary
11. Sharing Information
11.1. Microformats11.2. eRDF11.3. RDFa11.3.1. Supported Attributes11.3.1.1. xmlns11.3.1.2. rel11.3.1.3. rev11.3.1.4. content11.3.1.5. href11.3.1.6. src11.3.1.7. about11.3.1.8. property11.3.1.9. resource11.3.1.10. datatype11.3.1.11. typeof11.3.2. Blank Nodes11.3.3. Language Support11.4. Tools and Frameworks11.4.1. RDF Transformational Tools11.4.2. SPARQL Endpoints11.4.2.1. Joseki Installation and Operation11.4.3. xOperator11.4.3.1. Installation and Operation11.4.3.2. Example Query11.5. FriendTracker in RDFa11.6. Summary
IV. Expanding Semantic Web Programming
12. Developing and Using Semantic Services
12.1. Background12.1.1. Discovery12.1.2. Invocation12.1.3. Negotiation12.1.4. Error Handling12.1.5. Monitoring12.1.6. Composition12.2. Implementing Semantic Services12.3. Semantic Markup for Web Services12.3.1. ServiceProfile12.3.2. ServiceModel12.3.3. ServiceGrounding12.4. Web Service Modeling Ontology12.5. Semantic Annotations for WSDL12.5.1. SAWSDL Example12.5.2. SAWSDL Tools12.6. Summary
13. Managing Space and Time
13.1. Space and Time in Software13.1.1. Spatial Information13.1.2. Temporal Information13.2. Representing Spatiotemporal Data on the Semantic Web13.3. Spatial and Temporal Software with Jena13.3.1. Working with Spatial Data13.3.2. Example: Spatial Queries13.3.2.1. Framing the Problem13.3.2.2. Approach and Rationale13.3.2.3. Components13.3.3. Example: Transaction Time–Bounded Queries13.3.3.1. Framing the Problem13.3.3.2. Approach and Rationale13.3.3.3. Components13.4. Summary13.5. Notes
14. Semantic Web Patterns and Best Practices
14.1. Aggregating Disparate Data Sources14.1.1. Exposing Data Sources as RDF14.1.2. Bringing Data into the Domain Knowledge Model14.1.3. Storing Information in the Knowledgebase14.1.4. Initiating the Flow of Data14.2. Annotating Unstructured Data14.2.1. Annotation Management14.2.2. Ontology Management14.2.3. Unstructured Data Sources and the Client Application14.3. Coordinating Semantic Services14.4. Applying Semantic Web Best Practices14.4.1. Creating URIs14.4.1.1. Making URIs Unique14.4.1.2. Making URIs Consistent14.4.1.3. Making URIs Resolvable14.4.2. Specifying Units of Measurement14.4.2.1. Unit-Specific Properties and Datatypes14.4.2.2. Statement Reification14.4.2.3. Value Containers14.4.3. Representing N-ary Relationships14.4.4. Managing Bad Data14.5. Summary
15. Moving Forward
15.1. Advancing Ontologies15.1.1. Ontology Repositories and Registries15.1.2. Linked Data15.1.3. Versioning15.1.4. Ontology Metrics15.2. Advancing Integration15.2.1. Semantic Pipes15.2.2. Distributed Queries15.2.3. Alignment15.3. Advancing Reasoning15.3.1. Rule Interchange Format (RIF)15.3.2. Probabilistic Reasoning15.3.3. Trust: Proof Markup Language15.3.4. LarKC: The Large Knowledge Collider15.4. Advancing Visualization15.5. Summary
A. RDF
A.1. ReificationA.2. Containers
B. The OWL Web Ontology Language
B.1. Annotation PropertiesB.2. IndividualsB.3. ClassesB.4. PropertiesB.5. DatatypesB.6. Property Restrictions
C. SWRL
C.1. SWRL ExamplesC.1.1. RDF concrete syntax:C.1.2. Turtle:C.2. NamespacesC.3. Built-insC.3.1. Comparisons, BooleansC.3.2. MathematicsC.3.3. StringsC.3.4. Date, Time, DurationC.3.5. URIsC.3.6. ListsC.4. Keywords
D. SPARQL
D.1. SPARQL ExamplesD.2. OperatorsD.2.1. Unary OperatorsD.2.2. Binary OperatorsD.2.3. Trinary OperatorsD.3. Keywords
E. Jena Reference Guide
E.1. Key Jena ClassesE.1.1. DIGReasoner ClassE.1.2. DIGReasonerFactory ClassE.1.3. Graph InterfaceE.1.4. IDBConnection InterfaceE.1.5. InfModel InterfaceE.1.6. Model InterfaceE.1.7. ModelFactory ClassE.1.8. ModelMaker InterfaceE.1.9. OntModelSpec ClassE.1.10. Query ClassE.1.11. QueryExecution InterfaceE.1.12. QuerySolution InterfaceE.1.13. ObjectListener ClassE.1.14. OntClass InterfaceE.1.15. OntModel InterfaceE.1.16. Ontology InterfaceE.1.17. OntProperty InterfaceE.1.18. OntResource InterfaceE.1.19. RDFNode InterfaceE.1.20. Reasoner InterfaceE.1.21. Resource InterfaceE.1.22. ResultSet InterfaceE.1.23. Statement InterfaceE.1.24. StmtIterator InterfaceE.1.25. ValidityReport InterfaceE.2. Main Programming StepsE.2.1. Establishing the ModelE.2.2. Populating the ModelE.2.3. Querying the ModelE.2.4. Binding a Reasoner to the ModelE.2.5. Exporting the Model
F. Installation Reference Guide
F.1. D2RQ: Conversion from Relational Database to Jena ModelF.2. Eclipse Integrated Development EnvironmentF.3. Java ClasspathF.4. JAXB-RIF.5. Jena Semantic Web FrameworkF.6. JDBC Driver for MySQLF.7. Pellet ReasonerF.8. Protégé Ontology EditorF.9. Tar/Gzipped FilesF.10. Velocity: GUI Templates

Content preview from Semantic Web Programming

Chapter 13. Managing Space and Time

"But my intellectual development was retarded, as a result of which I began to wonder about space and time only when I had already grown up."

—Albert Einstein

Many modern software applications need to manage information about time or space, and applications for the Semantic Web are no different. Such information is called spatial or temporal if it relates to space or time, respectively, and spatiotemporal if it involves both space and time. This chapter presents a brief discussion of how software can manage spatiotemporal information and then discusses some of the challenges facing these systems. Next you'll learn some strategies for developing appropriate RDF and OWL representations of spatiotemporal data for your own applications. Finally, the chapter presents a pair of coding examples to show how you can optimize your Semantic Web systems for spatial and temporal data.

In this chapter, you will learn about:

Spatial and temporal software
Spatial and temporal data representations for the Semantic Web
Extending Jena to exploit spatial and temporal information

Space and Time in Software

Notions of space and time are intimately related to everything that happens in the world because everything happens somewhere and some when. Almost every software system is concerned with the spatiotemporal aspect of data to some degree, though some deal only with the spatial or the temporal.

For some applications, the connection to space and time is very obvious. A package-tracking ...

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Semantic Web Programming

by John Hebeler, Matthew Fisher, Ryan Blace, Andrew Perez-Lopez, Mike Dean

Chapter 13. Managing Space and Time

Space and Time in Software

Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
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