book

Signal Integrity - Simplified

Name: Signal Integrity - Simplified
Author: Eric Bogatin
ISBN: 9780130669469

by Eric Bogatin

September 2003

Intermediate to advanced

608 pages

14h 50m

English

Pearson

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Prentice Hall Modern Semiconductor Design Series
About Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference
Preface
Top Ten Signal Integrity Principles
1. Signal Integrity Is in Your Future
1.1. What Is Signal Integrity?1.2. Signal Quality on a Single Net1.3. Cross Talk1.4. Rail-Collapse Noise1.5. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)1.6. Two Important Signal Integrity Generalizations1.7. Trends in Electronic Products1.8. The Need for a New Design Methodology1.9. A New Product Design Methodology1.10. Simulations1.11. Modeling and Models1.12. Creating Circuit Models from Calculation1.13. Three Types of Measurements1.14. The Role of Measurements1.15. The Bottom Line
2. Time and Frequency Domains
2.1. The Time Domain2.2. Sine Waves in the Frequency Domain2.3. Shorter Time to a Solution in the Frequency Domain2.4. Sine Wave Features2.5. The Fourier Transform2.6. The Spectrum of a Repetitive Signal2.7. The Spectrum of an Ideal Square Wave2.8. From the Frequency Domain to the Time Domain2.9. Effect of Bandwidth on Rise Time2.10. Bandwidth and Rise Time2.11. What Does “Significant” Mean?2.12. Bandwidth of Real Signals2.13. Bandwidth and Clock Frequency2.14. Bandwidth of a Measurement2.15. Bandwidth of a Model2.16. Bandwidth of an Interconnect2.17. Bottom Line
3. Impedance and Electrical Models
3.1. Describing Signal-Integrity Solutions in Terms of Impedance3.2. What Is Impedance?3.3. Real vs. Ideal Circuit Elements3.4. Impedance of an Ideal Resistor in the Time Domain3.5. Impedance of an Ideal Capacitor in the Time Domain3.6. Impedance of an Ideal Inductor in the Time Domain3.7. Impedance in the Frequency Domain3.8. Equivalent Electrical Circuit Models3.9. Circuit Theory and SPICE3.10. Introduction to Modeling3.11. The Bottom Line
4. The Physical Basis of Resistance
4.1. Translating Physical Design into Electrical Performance4.2. The Only Good Approximation for the Resistance of Interconnects4.3. Bulk Resistivity4.4. Resistance per Length4.5. Sheet Resistance4.6. The Bottom Line
5. The Physical Basis of Capacitance
5.1. Current Flow in Capacitors5.2. The Capacitance of a Sphere5.3. Parallel Plate Approximation5.4. Dielectric Constant5.5. Power and Ground Planes and Decoupling Capacitance5.6. Capacitance per Length5.7. 2D Field Solvers5.8. Effective Dielectric Constant5.9. The Bottom Line
6. The Physical Basis of Inductance
6.1. What Is Inductance?6.2. Inductance Principle #1: There Are Circular Magnetic-Field Line Loops Around All Currents6.3. Inductance Principle #2: Inductance Is the Number of Webers of Field Line Loops Around a Conductor per Amp of Current Through It6.4. Self-Inductance and Mutual Inductance6.5. Inductance Principle #3: When the Number of Field Line Loops Around a Conductor Changes, There Will Be a Voltage Induced Across the Ends of the Conductor6.6. Partial Inductance6.7. Effective, Total, or Net Inductance and Ground Bounce6.8. Loop Self- and Mutual Inductance6.9. The Power-Distribution System (PDS) and Loop Inductance6.10. Loop Inductance per Square of Planes6.11. Loop Inductance of Planes and Via Contacts6.12. Loop Inductance of Planes with a Field of Clearance Holes6.13. Loop Mutual Inductance6.14. Equivalent Inductance6.15. Summary of Inductance6.16. Current Distributions and Skin Depth6.17. High-Permeability Materials6.18. Eddy Currents6.19. The Bottom Line

7. The Physical Basis of Transmission Lines
7.1. Forget the Word Ground7.2. The Signal7.3. Uniform Transmission Lines7.4. The Speed of Electrons in Copper7.5. The Speed of a Signal in a Transmission Line7.6. Spatial Extent of the Leading Edge7.7. “Be the Signal”7.8. The Instantaneous Impedance of a Transmission Line7.9. Characteristic Impedance and Controlled Impedance7.10. Famous Characteristic Impedances7.11. The Impedance of a Transmission Line7.12. Driving a Transmission Line7.13. Return Paths7.14. When Return Paths Switch Reference Planes7.15. A First-Order Model of a Transmission Line7.16. Calculating Characteristic Impedance with Approximations7.17. Calculating the Characteristic Impedance with a 2D Field Solver7.18. An n-Section Lumped Circuit Model7.19. Frequency Variation of the Characteristic Impedance7.20. The Bottom Line
8. Transmission Lines and Reflections
8.1. Reflections at Impedance Changes8.2. Why Are There Reflections?8.3. Reflections from Resistive Loads8.4. Source Impedance8.5. Bounce Diagrams8.6. Simulating Reflected Waveforms8.7. Measuring Reflections with a TDR8.8. Transmission Lines and Unintentional Discontinuities8.9. When to Terminate8.10. The Most Common Termination Strategy for Point-to-Point Topology8.11. Reflections from Short Series Transmission Lines8.12. Reflections from Short-Stub Transmission Lines8.13. Reflections from Capacitive End Terminations8.14. Reflections from Capacitive Loads in the Middle of a Trace8.15. Capacitive Delay Adders8.16. Effects of Corners and Vias8.17. Loaded Lines8.18. Reflections from Inductive Discontinuities8.19. Compensation8.20. The Bottom Line
9. Lossy Lines, Rise-Time Degradation, and Material Properties
9.1. Why Worry About Lossy Lines9.2. Losses in Transmission Lines9.3. Sources of Loss: Conductor Resistance and Skin Depth9.4. Sources of Loss: The Dielectric9.5. Dissipation Factor9.6. The Real Meaning of Dissipation Factor9.7. Modeling Lossy Transmission Lines9.8. Characteristic Impedance of a Lossy Transmission Line9.9. Signal Velocity in a Lossy Transmission Line9.10. Attenuation and the dB9.11. Attenuation in Lossy Lines9.12. Measured Properties of a Lossy Line in the Frequency Domain9.13. The Bandwidth of an Interconnect9.14. Time-Domain Behavior of Lossy Lines9.15. Improving the Eye Diagram of a Transmission Line9.16. Pre-emphasis and Equalization9.17. The Bottom Line
10. Cross Talk in Transmission Lines
10.1. Superposition10.2. Origin of Coupling: Capacitance and Inductance10.3. Cross Talk in Transmission Lines: NEXT and FEXT10.4. Describing Cross Talk10.5. The SPICE Capacitance Matrix10.6. The Maxwell Capacitance Matrix and 2D Field Solvers10.7. The Inductance Matrix10.8. Cross Talk in Uniform Transmission Lines and Saturation Length10.9. Capacitively Coupled Currents10.10. Inductively Coupled Currents10.11. Near-End Cross Talk10.12. Far-End Cross Talk10.13. Decreasing Far-End Cross Talk10.14. Simulating Cross Talk10.15. Guard Traces10.16. Cross Talk and Dielectric Constant10.17. Cross Talk and Timing10.18. Switching Noise10.19. Summary of Reducing Cross Talk10.20. The Bottom Line
11. Differential Pairs and Differential Impedance
11.1. Differential Signaling11.2. A Differential Pair11.3. Differential Impedance with No Coupling11.4. The Impact from Coupling11.5. Calculating Differential Impedance11.6. The Return-Current Distribution in a Differential Pair11.7. Odd and Even Modes11.8. Differential Impedance and Odd-Mode Impedance11.9. Common Impedance and Even-Mode Impedance11.10. Differential and Common Signals and Odd- and Even-Mode Voltage Components11.11. Velocity of Each Mode and Far-End Cross Talk11.12. Ideal Coupled Transmission-Line Model or an Ideal Differential Pair11.13. Measuring Even- and Odd-Mode Impedance11.14. Terminating Differential and Common Signals11.15. Conversion of Differential to Common Signals11.16. EMI and Common Signals11.17. Cross Talk in Differential Pairs11.18. Crossing a Gap in the Return Path11.19. To Tightly Couple or Not to Tightly Couple11.20. Calculating Odd and Even Modes from Capacitance- and Inductance-Matrix Elements11.21. The Characteristic Impedance Matrix11.22. The Bottom Line
A. 100 General Design Guidelines to Minimize Signal-Integrity Problems
A.1. Minimize Signal-Quality Problems on One NetA.2. Minimize Cross TalkA.3. Minimize Rail CollapseA.4. Minimize EMI
B. 100 Collected Rules of Thumb to Help Estimate Signal-Integrity Effects
B.1. Chapter 2B.2. Chapter 3B.3. Chapter 4B.4. Chapter 5B.5. Chapter 6B.6. Chapter 7B.7. Chapter 8B.8. Chapter 9B.9. Chapter 10B.10. Chapter 11
C. Selected References
About the Author

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bogatin, Eric. Signal integrity— simplified / by Eric Bogatin. p. cm. — (Prentice Hall modern semiconductor design series) ISBN 0-13-066946-6 1. Signal processing—Digital techniques. 2. Impedance (Electricity) I. Title. II. Series. TK5102.9.B58 2003 621.3815—dc21 2003049870

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Signal Integrity - Simplified

by Eric Bogatin

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