July 2025
Beginner to intermediate
448 pages
15h 1m
English
Content preview from Statistics Every Programmer Needs
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12 Examining and testing naturally occurring number sequences
This chapter covers
- Benford’s law and naturally occurring number sequences
- Chi-square goodness of fit test
- Mean absolute deviation
- The distortion factor and the z-statistic
- Mantissa statistics
Numeric data sets that follow a Benford distribution exhibit a much higher frequency of smaller leading digits than larger leading digits. The phenomenon is mostly prevalent in numeric data that spans several orders of magnitude and is therefore best represented on a logarithmic, rather than linear, scale.
Fraudsters often make the mistake of transmuting leading 1s and 2s to 8s and 9s on invoices, expenses, tax returns, and the like to maximize gains against their risks, on the assumption ...
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