The Discipline of Organizing: Professional Edition, 4th Edition

The Discipline of Organizing: Professional Edition, 4th Edition

by Robert J. Glushko
Released August 2016
Publisher(s): O'Reilly Media, Inc.
ISBN: 9781491970614

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Book description

Note about this ebook: This ebook exploits many advanced capabilities with images, hypertext, and interactivity and is optimized for EPUB3-compliant book readers, especially Apple's iBooks and browser plugins. These features may not work on all ebook readers.

We organize things. We organize information, information about things, and information about information. Organizing is a fundamental issue in many professional fields, but these fields have only limited agreement in how they approach problems of organizing and in what they seek as their solutions.

The Discipline of Organizing synthesizes insights from library science, information science, computer science, cognitive science, systems analysis, business, and other disciplines to create an Organizing System for understanding organizing. This framework is robust and forward-looking, enabling effective sharing of insights and design patterns between disciplines that weren't possible before.

The 4th edition of this award-winning and widely adopted text adds content to bridge between the foundations of organizing systems and the new statistical and computational techniques of data science because at its core, data science is about how resources are described and organized. The 4th edition reframes descriptive statistics as organizing techniques, expands the treatment of classification to include computational methods, and incorporates many new examples of data-driven resource selection, organization, maintenance, and personalization.

The Professional edition remains the definitive source for advanced students and practitioners who require comprehensive and pinpoint connections to the classic and contemporary literature about organizing. Dozens of new citations and endnotes for the new data science material bring to 12 the number of distinct disciplinary perspectives identified in the book.

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Table of contents

  1. Foreword to the First Edition
  2. Preface to the Fourth Edition
  3. Abstract
  4. 1. Foundations for Organizing Systems
    1. 1.1. The Discipline of Organizing
    2. 1.2. The “Organizing System” Concept
    3. 1.3. The Concept of “Resource”
    4. 1.4. The Concept of “Collection”
    5. 1.5. The Concept of “Intentional Arrangement”
    6. 1.6. The Concept of “Organizing Principle”
    7. 1.7. The Concept of “Agent”
    8. 1.8. The Concept of “Interactions”
    9. 1.9. The Concept of “Interaction Resource”
    10. 1.10. Organizing This Book
  5. 2. Design Decisions in Organizing Systems
    1. 2.1. Introduction
    2. 2.2. What Is Being Organized?
    3. 2.3. Why Is It Being Organized?
    4. 2.4. How Much Is It Being Organized?
    5. 2.5. When Is It Being Organized?
    6. 2.6. How (or by Whom) Is It Organized?
    7. 2.7. Where is it being Organized?
    8. 2.8. Key Points in Chapter Two
  6. 3. Activities in Organizing Systems
    1. 3.1. Introduction
    2. 3.2. Selecting Resources
      1. 3.2.1. Selection Criteria
      2. 3.2.2. Looking “Upstream” and “Downstream” to Select Resources
    3. 3.3. Organizing Resources
      1. 3.3.1. Organizing Physical Resources
        1. 3.3.1.1. Organizing with Properties of Physical Resources
        2. 3.3.1.2. Organizing with Descriptions of Physical Resources
      2. 3.3.2. Organizing Places
        1. 3.3.2.1. Organizing the Land
        2. 3.3.2.2. Organizing Built Environments
        3. 3.3.2.3. Orientation and Wayfinding Mechanisms
      3. 3.3.3. Organizing Digital Resources
        1. 3.3.3.1. Organizing Web-based Resources
        2. 3.3.3.2. “Information Architecture” and Organizing Systems
      4. 3.3.4. Organizing With Descriptive Statistics
        1. 3.3.4.1. Exploratory Analysis to Understand Data
        2. 3.3.4.2. Detecting Errors and Fraud in Data
      5. 3.3.5. Organizing with Multiple Resource Properties
    4. 3.4. Designing Resource-based Interactions
      1. 3.4.1. Affordance and Capability
      2. 3.4.2. Interaction and Value Creation
        1. 3.4.2.1. Value Creation with Physical Resources
        2. 3.4.2.2. Value Creation with Digital Resources
        3. 3.4.2.3. Accessibility
      3. 3.4.3. Access Policies
    5. 3.5. Maintaining Resources
      1. 3.5.1. Motivations for Maintaining Resources
      2. 3.5.2. Preservation
        1. 3.5.2.1. Digitization and Preserving Resources
        2. 3.5.2.2. Preserving the Web
        3. 3.5.2.3. Preserving Resource Instances
        4. 3.5.2.4. Preserving Resource Types
        5. 3.5.2.5. Preserving Resource Collections
      3. 3.5.3. Curation
        1. 3.5.3.1. Institutional Curation
        2. 3.5.3.2. Individual Curation
        3. 3.5.3.3. Social and Web Curation
        4. 3.5.3.4. Computational Curation
        5. 3.5.3.5. Discarding, Removing, and Not Keeping
      4. 3.5.4. Governance
        1. 3.5.4.1. Governance in Business Organizing Systems
        2. 3.5.4.2. Governance in Scientific Organizing Systems
    6. 3.6. Key Points in Chapter Three
  7. 4. Resources in Organizing Systems
    1. 4.1. Introduction
      1. 4.1.1. What Is a Resource?
        1. 4.1.1.1. Resources with Parts
        2. 4.1.1.2. Bibliographic Resources, Information Components, and “Smart Things” as Resources
      2. 4.1.2. Identity, Identifiers, and Names
    2. 4.2. Four Distinctions about Resources
      1. 4.2.1. Resource Domain
      2. 4.2.2. Resource Format
      3. 4.2.3. Resource Agency
        1. 4.2.3.1. Passive or Operand Resources
        2. 4.2.3.2. Active or Operant Resources
      4. 4.2.4. Resource Focus
      5. 4.2.5. Resource Format x Focus
        1. 4.2.5.1. Physical Description of a Primary Physical Resource
        2. 4.2.5.2. Digital Description of a Primary Physical Resource
        3. 4.2.5.3. Digital Description of a Primary Digital Resource
        4. 4.2.5.4. Physical Description of a Primary Digital Resource
    3. 4.3. Resource Identity
      1. 4.3.1. Identity and Physical Resources
      2. 4.3.2. Identity and Bibliographic Resources
      3. 4.3.3. Identity and Information Components
      4. 4.3.4. Identity and Active Resources
    4. 4.4. Naming Resources
      1. 4.4.1. What’s in a Name?
      2. 4.4.2. The Problems of Naming
        1. 4.4.2.1. The Vocabulary Problem
        2. 4.4.2.2. Homonymy, Polysemy, and False Cognates
        3. 4.4.2.3. Names with Undesirable Associations
        4. 4.4.2.4. Names that Assume Impermanent Attributes
        5. 4.4.2.5. The Semantic Gap
      3. 4.4.3. Choosing Good Names and Identifiers
        1. 4.4.3.1. Make Names Informative
        2. 4.4.3.2. Use Controlled Vocabularies
        3. 4.4.3.3. Allow Aliasing
        4. 4.4.3.4. Make Identifiers Unique or Qualified
        5. 4.4.3.5. Distinguish Identifying and Resolving
    5. 4.5. Resources over Time
      1. 4.5.1. Persistence
        1. 4.5.1.1. Persistent Identifiers
        2. 4.5.1.2. Persistent Resources
      2. 4.5.2. Effectivity
      3. 4.5.3. Authenticity
      4. 4.5.4. Provenance
    6. 4.6. Key Points in Chapter Four
  8. 5. Resource Description and Metadata
    1. 5.1. Introduction
    2. 5.2. An Overview of Resource Description
      1. 5.2.1. Naming {and, or, vs.} Describing
      2. 5.2.2. “Description” as an Inclusive Term
        1. 5.2.2.1. Bibliographic Descriptions
        2. 5.2.2.2. Metadata
        3. 5.2.2.3. Tagging of Web-based Resources
        4. 5.2.2.4. Resource Description Framework (RDF)
        5. 5.2.2.5. Aggregated Information Objects
      3. 5.2.3. Frameworks for Resource Description
    3. 5.3. The Process of Describing Resources
      1. 5.3.1. Determining the Scope and Focus
        1. 5.3.1.1. Describing Instances or Describing Collections
        2. 5.3.1.2. Abstraction in Resource Description
        3. 5.3.1.3. Scope, Scale, and Resource Description
      2. 5.3.2. Determining the Purposes
        1. 5.3.2.1. Resource Description to Support Selection
        2. 5.3.2.2. Resource Description to Support Organizing
        3. 5.3.2.3. Resource Description to Support Interactions
        4. 5.3.2.4. Resource Description to Support Maintenance
        5. 5.3.2.5. Resource Description for Sensemaking and Science
      3. 5.3.3. Identifying Properties
        1. 5.3.3.1. Intrinsic Static Properties
        2. 5.3.3.2. Extrinsic Static Properties
        3. 5.3.3.3. Intrinsic Dynamic Properties
        4. 5.3.3.4. Extrinsic Dynamic Properties
      4. 5.3.4. Designing the Description Vocabulary
        1. 5.3.4.1. Principles of Good Description
        2. 5.3.4.2. Who Uses the Descriptions?
        3. 5.3.4.3. Controlled Vocabularies and Content Rules
        4. 5.3.4.4. Vocabulary Control as Dimensionality Reduction
      5. 5.3.5. Designing the Description Form
      6. 5.3.6. Creating Resource Descriptions
        1. 5.3.6.1. Resource Description by Professionals
        2. 5.3.6.2. Resource Description by Authors or Creators
        3. 5.3.6.3. Resource Description by Users
        4. 5.3.6.4. Automated and Computational Resource Description
      7. 5.3.7. Evaluating Resource Descriptions
        1. 5.3.7.1. Evaluating the Creation of Resource Descriptions
        2. 5.3.7.2. Evaluating the Use of Resource Descriptions
        3. 5.3.7.3. The Importance of Iterative Evaluation
    4. 5.4. Describing Non-text Resources
      1. 5.4.1. Describing Museum and Artistic Resources
      2. 5.4.2. Describing Images
      3. 5.4.3. Describing Music
      4. 5.4.4. Describing Video
    5. 5.5. Key Points in Chapter Five
  9. 6. Describing Relationships and Structures
    1. 6.1. Introduction
    2. 6.2. Describing Relationships: An Overview
    3. 6.3. The Semantic Perspective
      1. 6.3.1. Types of Semantic Relationships
        1. 6.3.1.1. Inclusion
        2. 6.3.1.2. Attribution
        3. 6.3.1.3. Possession
      2. 6.3.2. Properties of Semantic Relationships
        1. 6.3.2.1. Symmetry
        2. 6.3.2.2. Transitivity
        3. 6.3.2.3. Equivalence
        4. 6.3.2.4. Inverse
      3. 6.3.3. Ontologies
    4. 6.4. The Lexical Perspective
      1. 6.4.1. Relationships among Word Meanings
        1. 6.4.1.1. Hyponymy and Hyperonymy
        2. 6.4.1.2. Metonymy
        3. 6.4.1.3. Synonymy
        4. 6.4.1.4. Polysemy
        5. 6.4.1.5. Antonymy
      2. 6.4.2. Thesauri
      3. 6.4.3. Relationships among Word Forms
        1. 6.4.3.1. Derivational Morphology
        2. 6.4.3.2. Inflectional Morphology
    5. 6.5. The Structural Perspective
      1. 6.5.1. Intentional, Implicit, and Explicit Structure
      2. 6.5.2. Structural Relationships within a Resource
      3. 6.5.3. Structural Relationships between Resources
        1. 6.5.3.1. Hypertext Links
        2. 6.5.3.2. Analyzing Link Structures
        3. 6.5.3.3. Bibliometrics, Shepardizing, Altmetrics, and Social Network Analysis
    6. 6.6. The Architectural Perspective
      1. 6.6.1. Degree
      2. 6.6.2. Cardinality
      3. 6.6.3. Directionality
    7. 6.7. The Implementation Perspective
      1. 6.7.1. Choice of Implementation
      2. 6.7.2. Syntax and Grammar
      3. 6.7.3. Requirements for Implementation Syntax
    8. 6.8. Relationships in Organizing Systems
      1. 6.8.1. The Semantic Web and Linked Data
      2. 6.8.2. Bibliographic Organizing Systems
        1. 6.8.2.1. Tillett’s Taxonomy
        2. 6.8.2.2. Resource Description and Access (RDA)
        3. 6.8.2.3. RDA and the Semantic Web
      3. 6.8.3. Integration and Interoperability
    9. 6.9. Key Points in Chapter Six
  10. 7. Categorization: Describing Resource Classes and Types
    1. 7.1. Introduction
    2. 7.2. The What and Why of Categories
      1. 7.2.1. Cultural Categories
      2. 7.2.2. Individual Categories
      3. 7.2.3. Institutional Categories
      4. 7.2.4. A “Categorization Continuum”
      5. 7.2.5. Computational Categories
    3. 7.3. Principles for Creating Categories
      1. 7.3.1. Enumeration
      2. 7.3.2. Single Properties
      3. 7.3.3. Multiple Properties
        1. 7.3.3.1. Multi-Level or Hierarchical Categories
        2. 7.3.3.2. Different Properties for Subsets of Resources
        3. 7.3.3.3. Necessary and Sufficient Properties
      4. 7.3.4. The Limits of Property-Based Categorization
      5. 7.3.5. Probabilistic Categories and “Family Resemblance”
      6. 7.3.6. Similarity
        1. 7.3.6.1. Feature-based Models of Similarity
        2. 7.3.6.2. Geometric Models of Similarity
        3. 7.3.6.3. Transformational Models of Similarity
        4. 7.3.6.4. Alignment or Analogy Models of Similarity
      7. 7.3.7. Goal-Derived Categories
      8. 7.3.8. Theory-Based Categories
    4. 7.4. Category Design Issues and Implications
      1. 7.4.1. Category Abstraction and Granularity
      2. 7.4.2. Basic or Natural Categories
      3. 7.4.3. The Recall / Precision Tradeoff
      4. 7.4.4. Category Audience and Purpose
    5. 7.5. Implementing Categories
      1. 7.5.1. Implementing Enumerated Categories
      2. 7.5.2. Implementing Categories Defined by Properties
      3. 7.5.3. Implementing Categories Defined by Probability and Similarity
        1. 7.5.3.1. Probabilistic Decision Trees
        2. 7.5.3.2. Naïve Bayes Classifiers
        3. 7.5.3.3. Categories Created by Clustering
        4. 7.5.3.4. Neural networks
      4. 7.5.4. Implementing Goal-Based Categories
      5. 7.5.5. Implementing Theory-Based Categories
    6. 7.6. Key Points in Chapter Seven
  11. 8. Classification: Assigning Resources to Categories
    1. 8.1. Introduction
      1. 8.1.1. Classification vs. Categorization
      2. 8.1.2. Classification vs. Tagging
      3. 8.1.3. Classification vs. Physical Arrangement
      4. 8.1.4. Classification Schemes
      5. 8.1.5. Classification and Standardization
        1. 8.1.5.1. Institutional Taxonomies
        2. 8.1.5.2. Institutional Semantics
        3. 8.1.5.3. Specifications vs. Standards
        4. 8.1.5.4. Mandated Classifications
    2. 8.2. Understanding Classification
      1. 8.2.1. Classification Is Purposeful
        1. 8.2.1.1. Classifications Are Reference Models
        2. 8.2.1.2. Classifications Support Interactions
      2. 8.2.2. Classification Is Principled
        1. 8.2.2.1. Principles Embodied in the Classification Scheme
        2. 8.2.2.2. Principles for Assigning Resources to Categories
        3. 8.2.2.3. Principles for Maintaining the Classification over Time
      3. 8.2.3. Classification Is Biased
    3. 8.3. Bibliographic Classification
      1. 8.3.1. The Dewey Decimal Classification
      2. 8.3.2. The Library of Congress Classification
      3. 8.3.3. The BISAC Classification
    4. 8.4. Faceted Classification
      1. 8.4.1. Foundations for Faceted Classification
      2. 8.4.2. Faceted Classification in Description
      3. 8.4.3. A Classification for Facets
      4. 8.4.4. Designing a Faceted Classification System
        1. 8.4.4.1. Design Process for Faceted Classification
        2. 8.4.4.2. Design Principles and Pragmatics
    5. 8.5. Classification by Activity Structure
    6. 8.6. Computational Classification
    7. 8.7. Key Points in Chapter Eight
  12. 9. The Forms of Resource Descriptions
    1. 9.1. Introduction
    2. 9.2. Structuring Descriptions
      1. 9.2.1. Kinds of Structures
        1. 9.2.1.1. Blobs
        2. 9.2.1.2. Sets
        3. 9.2.1.3. Lists
        4. 9.2.1.4. Dictionaries
        5. 9.2.1.5. Trees
        6. 9.2.1.6. Graphs
      2. 9.2.2. Comparing Metamodels: JSON, XML and RDF
        1. 9.2.2.1. JSON
        2. 9.2.2.2. XML Information Set
        3. 9.2.2.3. RDF
        4. 9.2.2.4. Choosing Your Constraints
      3. 9.2.3. Modeling within Constraints
        1. 9.2.3.1. Specifying Vocabularies and Schemas
        2. 9.2.3.2. Controlling Values
    3. 9.3. Writing Descriptions
      1. 9.3.1. Notations
      2. 9.3.2. Writing Systems
      3. 9.3.3. Syntax
    4. 9.4. Worlds of Description
      1. 9.4.1. The Document Processing World
      2. 9.4.2. The Web World
      3. 9.4.3. The Semantic Web World
    5. 9.5. Key Points in Chapter Nine
  13. 10. Interactions with Resources
    1. 10.1. Introduction
    2. 10.2. Determining Interactions
      1. 10.2.1. User Requirements
      2. 10.2.2. Socio-Political and Organizational Constraints
    3. 10.3. Reorganizing Resources for Interactions
      1. 10.3.1. Identifying and Describing Resources for Interactions
      2. 10.3.2. Transforming Resources for Interactions
        1. 10.3.2.1. Transforming Resources from Multiple or Legacy Organizing Systems
        2. 10.3.2.2. Modes of Transformation
        3. 10.3.2.3. Granularity and Abstraction
        4. 10.3.2.4. Accuracy of Transformations
    4. 10.4. Implementing Interactions
      1. 10.4.1. Interactions Based on Instance Properties
        1. 10.4.1.1. Boolean Retrieval
        2. 10.4.1.2. Tag / Annotate
      2. 10.4.2. Interactions Based on Collection Properties
        1. 10.4.2.1. Ranked Retrieval with Vector Space or Probabilistic Models
        2. 10.4.2.2. Synonym Expansion with Latent Semantic Indexing
        3. 10.4.2.3. Structure-Based Retrieval
        4. 10.4.2.4. Clustering / Classification
      3. 10.4.3. Interactions Based on Derived Properties
        1. 10.4.3.1. Popularity-Based Retrieval
        2. 10.4.3.2. Citation-Based Retrieval
        3. 10.4.3.3. Translation
      4. 10.4.4. Interactions Based on Combining Resources
        1. 10.4.4.1. Mash-Ups
        2. 10.4.4.2. Linked Data Retrieval and Resource Discovery
    5. 10.5. Evaluating Interactions
      1. 10.5.1. Efficiency
      2. 10.5.2. Effectiveness
        1. 10.5.2.1. Relevance
        2. 10.5.2.2. The Recall / Precision Tradeoff
      3. 10.5.3. Satisfaction
    6. 10.6. Key Points in Chapter Ten
  14. 11. The Organizing System Roadmap
    1. 11.1. Introduction
    2. 11.2. The Organizing System Lifecycle
    3. 11.3. Defining and Scoping the Organizing System Domain
      1. 11.3.1. Scope and Scale of the Collection
      2. 11.3.2. Number and Nature of Users
      3. 11.3.3. Expected Lifetime
      4. 11.3.4. Physical or Technological Environment
      5. 11.3.5. Relationship to Other Organizing Systems
    4. 11.4. Identifying Requirements for an Organizing System
      1. 11.4.1. Requirements for Interactions
      2. 11.4.2. About the Nature and Extent of Resource Description
      3. 11.4.3. About Intentional Arrangement
      4. 11.4.4. Dealing with Conflicting Requirements
    5. 11.5. Designing and Implementing an Organizing System
      1. 11.5.1. Choosing Scope- and Scale-Appropriate Technology
      2. 11.5.2. Architectural Thinking
      3. 11.5.3. Distinguishing Access from Control
      4. 11.5.4. Standardization and Legacy Considerations
    6. 11.6. Operating and Maintaining an Organizing System
      1. 11.6.1. Resource Perspective
      2. 11.6.2. Properties, Principles and Technology Perspective
    7. 11.7. Key Points in Chapter Eleven
  15. 12. Case Studies
    1. 12.1. A Multi-generational Photo Collection
    2. 12.2. Knowledge Management for a Small Consulting Firm
    3. 12.3. Smarter Farming in Japan
    4. 12.4. Single-Source Textbook Publishing
    5. 12.5. Organizing a Kitchen
    6. 12.6. Earth Orbiting Satellites
    7. 12.7. CalBug and its Search Interface Redesign
    8. 12.8. Weekly Newspaper
    9. 12.9. The CODIS DNA Database
    10. 12.10. Honolulu Rail Transit
    11. 12.11. The Antikythera Mechanism
    12. 12.12. Autonomous Cars
    13. 12.13. IP Addressing in the Global Internet
    14. 12.14. The Art Genome Project
    15. 12.15. Making a Documentary Film
    16. 12.16. The Dabbawalas of Mumbai
    17. 12.17. Managing Information About Data Center Resources
    18. 12.18. Neuroscience Lab
    19. 12.19. A Nonprofit Book Publisher
  16. Afterword
  17. Acknowledgments
  18. Bibliography
  19. Glossary
  20. Index

Product information

  • Title: The Discipline of Organizing: Professional Edition, 4th Edition
  • Author(s): Robert J. Glushko
  • Release date: August 2016
  • Publisher(s): O'Reilly Media, Inc.
  • ISBN: 9781491970614