CHAPTER 1BASIC ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY
Electromagnetic analysis has been an indispensable part of many engineering and scientific studies since James Clerk Maxwell published his electromagnetic theory in 1873 [1]. This is due primarily to the predictive power of Maxwell’s equations as proven over the years and the pervasiveness of electromagnetic phenomena in modern technologies. Examples of these technologies are radar, remote sensing, geoelectromagnetics, bioelectromagnetics, antennas, wireless communication, optics, and high-frequency/high-speed circuits. Moreover, electromagnetic theory is valid from the static to optical regimes and from subatomic to intergalactic length scales. Therefore, electromagnetic analysis plays an important role in scientific research and engineering design.
The problem of electromagnetic analysis is actually a problem of solving a set of Maxwell’s equations subject to given boundary conditions. In this chapter we review briefly some basic concepts and equations of electromagnetic theory that are used frequently in this book. Our emphasis is on the presentation of various differential equations and boundary conditions that define boundary-value problems to be solved by finite element analysis. The solution of Maxwell’s equations in free space is also given in the form of an integral expression that relates the field to its source, followed by the description of Huygens’s principle for calculating the exterior fields from the field on a closed surface. ...
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