December 2011
Beginner
240 pages
6h 45m
English
Content preview from The Universal Computer
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odel Upsets the Applecart
The letters x, y serve as variables which stand in (like pronouns) for arbi-
trary individuals in the population being considered. The other symbols
L, W, H and S have meanings relevant to the particular subject matter as
shown below:
L = the relation of loving
H = the property of being happy
W = William
S = Susan
So we can read the inference as follows:
For all x, if there is a y such that x loves y,thenx is happy.
William loves Susan.
William is happy.
Now what it means to say that this inference is valid is that no matter
what underlying universe of individuals we may choose, no matter what
relationship between such individuals ...
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