book

Electricity Production from Renewables Energies

by Benoît Robyns, Arnaud Davigny, Bruno François, Antoine Henneton, Jonathan Sprooten

May 2012

Intermediate to advanced

288 pages

7h 38m

English

Wiley

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Cover
Title
Copyright
Foreword
Introduction
Chapter 1. Decentralized Electricity Production from Renewable Energy
1.1. Decentralized production
1.2. The issue of renewable energies
1.2.1. Observations1.2.2. The sustainable development context1.2.3. Commitments and perspectives
1.3. Renewable energy sources
1.3.1. Wind energy1.3.2. Solar energy1.3.3. Hydraulics1.3.4. Geothermal energy1.3.5. Biomass1.3.6. Contribution of the various renewable energies
1.4. Production of electricity from renewable energies
1.4.1. Electricity supply chains1.4.2. Efficiency factor

1.5. Bibliography
Chapter 2. Solar Photovoltaic Power
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Characteristics of the primary resource
2.3. Photovoltaic conversion
2.3.1. Introduction2.3.2. Photovoltaic effect2.3.3. Photovoltaic cells2.3.3.1. Solar cell technologies2.3.3.2. Comparison with the diode2.3.3.2. Comparison with the diode2.3.3.4. Maximum power of a cell2.3.3.5. Efficiency2.3.4. Cell association
2.4. Maximum electric power extraction [AST 08b] [PRO 97] [GER 02]
2.5. Power converters
2.5.1. Introduction2.5.2. Structure of the photovoltaic conversion chains2.5.2.1. Without an isolation transformer2.5.2.2. With an isolation transformer2.5.2.2.1. Low frequency transformer2.5.2.2.2. High frequency transformer2.5.3. Choppers2.5.3.1. Introduction2.5.3.2. Two switch choppers2.5.3.2.1. Series choppers2.5.3.2.2. Parallel choppers2.5.4. Inverters2.5.4.1. Introduction2.5.4.2. Single-phase inverters2.5.4.3. Three-phase inverters
2.6. Adjustment of the active and reactive power
2.7 Solar power stations [PRO 97] [AST 08b] [SAB 06]
2.7.1. Introduction2.7.2. Autonomous power stations2.7.3. Power stations connected to the network
2.8. Exercises
2.8.1. Characteristic of a photovoltaic panel2.8.2. Sizing an autonomous photovoltaic installation
2.9. Bibliography
Chapter 3. Wind Power
3.1. Characteristic of the primary resource
3.1.1. Variability3.1.2. The Weibull distribution3.1.3. The effect of relief3.1.4. Loading rate3.1.5. Compass card
3.2. Kinetic wind energy
3.3. Wind turbines
3.3.1. Horizontal axis wind turbines3.3.1.1. Introduction3.3.1.2. Conversion into mechanical power by a lift effect3.3.1.3. Influence of the rotational speed on the angle of attack3.3.1.4. Efficiency and power coefficien3.3.2. Vertical axis wind turbines3.3.3. Comparison of the various turbine types
3.4. Power limitation by varying the power coefficient
3.4.1. The “pitch” or variable pitch angle system3.4.2. The “stall” or aerodynamic stall system
3.5. Mechanical couplings between the turbine and the electric generator
3.5.1. Connection between mechanical speed, synchronous speed and electrical network frequency3.5.2. “Direct drive” wind turbines (without a multiplier)3.5.3. Use of a speed multiplier
3.6. Generalities on induction and mechanical electric conversion
3.7. “Fixed speed” wind turbines based on induction machines
3.7.1. Physical principle3.7.2. Constitution of induction machines3.7.3. Modeling3.7.3.1. Equivalent single-phase diagram3.7.3.2. Static characteristics3.7.4. Conversion system3.7.5. Operation characteristics
3.8. Variable speed wind turbine
3.8.1. Issues3.8.2. Classification of the structures according to machine technologies3.8.3. Principle of element sizing3.8.4. Adjustment of active and reactive powers3.8.5. Aerogenerators based on a doubly fed induction machine3.8.5.1. Doubly fed wound rotor induction machines3.8.5.2. Operating characteristic of a wind turbine based on a doubly fed induction machine3.8.6. Aerogenerators based on a synchronous machine3.8.6.1. High power wind turbines3.8.6.2. Small wind turbines
3.9. Wind turbine farms
3.10. Exercises
3.10.1. Fixed speed wind turbines3.10.2. Characterization of a turbine and estimate of the generated power3.10.3. High power variable speed wind turbines3.10.3.1. Nominal operation by neglecting all the losses3.10.3.2. Nominal operation by considering the losses3.10.3.3. Reduced power operation (low wind) by neglecting all the losses
3.11. Bibliography
Chapter 4. Terrestrial and Marine Hydroelectricity: Waves and Tides
4.1. Run-of-the-river hydraulics
4.1.1. Hydroelectricity4.1.2. Small hydraulics4.1.3. Hydraulic turbines4.1.4. Electromechanical conversion for small hydroelectricity4.1.5. Exercise: small hydroelectric run-of-the-river power station
4.2. Hydraulic power of the sea
4.2.1. Wave power4.2.1.1. Origin and description of the waves4.2.1.2. Potential4.2.1.2.1. Energy and power4.2.1.2.2. Vertical distribution of energy4.2.1.2.3. Transported power per meter of a wave front4.2.1.3. Global resource4.2.2. Energy of the continuous ocean currents4.2.2.1. Description of the current phenomenon4.2.3. Tidal energy4.2.3.1. Tide phenomenon4.2.3.2. Tidal amplitude4.2.3.3. Tidal currents4.2.3.4. Potential4.2.4. Wave production, wave-power generator4.2.4.1. Recovery of the primary energy4.2.4.1.1. Historical background4.2.4.1.2. Classification and technologies of converters4.2.4.2. Electromechanical conversion with limited linear motion4.2.4.2.1. Immersed float system4.2.4.2.2. Surface float system4.2.4.2.3. Principle of the linear generator4.2.4.3. Electromechanical rotary conversion4.2.4.3.1. Oscillating water columns4.2.4.3.2. Breaking wave system4.2.4.3.3. Systems with bodies moved by the swell:4.2.4.4. Characteristics of the electric production4.2.5. Production by sea currents4.2.5.1. System of mechanical conversion: underwater turbines4.2.5.2. Electromechanical conversion4.2.5.2.1. Horizontal axis rotor turbine in the current direction4.2.5.2.2. Turbines with a rotor axis perpendicular to the current:4.2.5.2.3. Oscillating systems4.2.5.2.4. Fairing systems4.2.5.2.5. Paddle wheel systems4.2.5.3. Comparison between wind power and tidal power production4.2.6. Tidal production4.2.6.1. Historical background4.2.6.2. Conversion of the potential energy4.2.6.2.1. Electromechanical system4.2.6.2.2. Characteristics of electric production4.2.6.2.3. Comparison of the potential tidal production with run-of-the-river hydropower4.2.7. Exercise: Estimation of the production of a simple effect tidal power
4.3. Bibliography
Chapter 5. Thermal Power Generation
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Geothermal power
5.2.1. Introduction5.2.2. The resource5.2.3. Fluid characteristics5.2.4. The principle of geothermal power plants5.2.5. Thermodynamic conversion5.2.5.1. Introduction: Carnot cycle5.2.5.2. Rankine and Hirn cycles5.2.5.3. Choosing the heat transfer fluid5.2.6. Steam turbine5.2.7. The alternator5.2.7.1. Equivalent diagram and modeling5.2.7.2. Control of the active and reactive powers
5.3. Thermodynamic solar power generation
5.3.1. Introduction5.3.2. The principle of concentration5.3.3. Cylindro-parabolic design5.3.4. The solar tower5.3.5. Parabolic dish design5.3.6. Comparison of solar thermodynamic generations
5.4. Cogeneration by biomass
5.4.1. Origin of biomass – energy interests5.4.2. Cogeneration principle
5.5. Bibliography
Chapter 6. Integration of the Decentralized Production into the Electrical Network
6.1. From a centralized network to a decentralized network
6.1.1. The transport network6.1.2. The distribution network6.1.3. Services for the electric system6.1.3.1. Frequency control6.1.3.2. Voltage control6.1.4. Towards network decentralization
6.2. Connection voltage
6.3. Connection constraints
6.3.1. Voltage control6.3.1.1. Connection to the distribution network6.3.1.2. Connection to the transport network6.3.2. Frequency control6.3.3. Quality of the electric wave6.3.3.1. Current harmonics6.3.3.2. Voltage fluctuations6.3.4. Short-circuit power6.3.5. Protection of the electric system6.3.6. Coupling of the production facilities to the network6.3.7. Other constraints
6.4. Limitations of the penetration level
6.4.1. Participation in ancillary services6.4.2. Untimely disconnections6.4.3. Production prediction6.4.4. Network hosting capacity
6.5. Perspectives for better integration into the networks
6.5.1. Actions at the source level6.5.2. Actions on the network level6.5.2.1. Congestion treatment6.5.2.2. Smart grids6.5.2.3. Network architecture6.5.2.4. Shared or multiple storage services6.5.3. Actions on the consumer level6.5.3.1. Positive energy buildings (commercial buildings, residential areas, habitat, micro grids)6.5.3.2. Electric vehicles
6.6. Bibliography
List of Authors
Index

Overview

Energy and environmental issues have caused a marked increase in electricity production from renewable energy sources since the beginning of the 21st Century. The concept of sustainable development and concern for future generations challenge us every day to produce new technologies for energy production, and new patterns of use for these energies. Their rapid emergence can make the understanding and therefore the perception of these new technologies difficult. This book aims to contribute to a better understanding of the new electricity generation technologies by addressing a diverse audience. It presents the issues, sources and means of conversion into electricity using a general approach and develops scientific concepts to understand their main technical characteristics.

Systems of electricity generation from renewable energy resources of small to medium powers are presented. The basic electrical concepts necessary for understanding the operating characteristics of these energy converters are introduced, and the constraints and problems of integration in the electrical networks of those means of production are discussed. Several exercises are provided to the reader for evaluation purposes.

Contents

1. Decentralized Electricity Production from Renewable Energy, Benoît Robyns.

2. Solar Photovoltaic Power, Arnaud Davigny.

3. Wind Power, Bruno Francois and Benoît Robyns.

4. Terrestrial and Marine Hydroelectricity: Waves and Tides, Benoît Robyns and Antoine Henneton.

5. Thermal Power Generation, Jonathan Sprooten.

6. Integration of the Decentralized Production into the Electrical Network, Benoît Robyns.

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