book

Electrical Power Transmission and Distribution

Name: Electrical Power Transmission and Distribution
Author: Bella H. Chudnovsky
ISBN: 9781466502475

by Bella H. Chudnovsky

December 2017

Intermediate to advanced

428 pages

14h 55m

English

CRC Press

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Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Author
Acronyms
Chapter 1 Plating of Electrical Equipment
1.1 Electroplating for Contact Applications1.1.1 Silver Plating1.1.1.1 Physical Properties of Silver Plating1.1.1.2 Silver Plating Thickness for Electrical Applications1.1.1.3 The Use of a Nickel Underplate for Silver Plating1.1.1.4 Types of Silver Platings1.1.2 Tin Plating1.1.2.1 Physical Properties of Tin Plating1.1.2.2 Tin Plating Thickness for Electrical Applications1.1.3 Nickel Plating1.1.3.1 Applications of Nickel Plating in the Electrical Industry1.1.3.2 Physical Properties and Thickness of Nickel Plating1.2 Electroless Plating1.2.1 Electroless Nickel: Physical Properties1.2.1.1 Chemical Composition and Structure of EN Plating1.2.1.2 Physical Properties of Electroless Ni Plating1.2.1.3 EN Film Thickness1.2.2 Electroless Nickel: Corrosion Resistance1.2.3 Electroless Nickel: Electrical Resistivity1.3 Electroless Nickel as a Plating Alternative for Electrical Apparatuses in Corrosive Atmosphere1.3.1 Testing of EN for Use in Electrical Applications1.3.1.1 Testing the Anticorrosion Properties of EN Plating1.3.1.2 Testing of the Electrical Properties of EN Plating1.3.2 Field Testing of EN-Plated Electrical Equipment in Energized Conditions1.3.2.1 Live Electrical Tests1.3.2.2 Electrical Properties of the Contactor Reconditioned with EN Plating1.3.2.3 Precaution in Electrical Applications of EN Plating1.4 Zinc Electroplating and Galvanization1.4.1 Zinc Electroplating1.4.2 Zinc Galvanization Processes1.4.2.1 Hot-Dip Galvanizing1.4.2.2 Continuous Galvanizing1.4.2.3 Electrogalvanizing1.4.2.4 The Process of Galvanizing1.4.3 Conversion Zn Plating: Passivation with CrIII or CrVI1.4.3.1 Corrosion Resistance1.4.3.2 Color Variability1.4.3.3 Self-Healing Properties1.4.3.4 Identification1.4.3.5 The Cost Issue1.5 Metal Whiskers on Plating (Noncorrosive Phenomenon)1.5.1 Whisker Phenomenon and Characteristics1.5.1.1 Conditions and Characteristics of Growth1.5.1.2 Environmental Factors1.5.1.3 Historical Account of Metal Whiskers Hazards1.5.2 Tin Whisker Mitigation Techniques1.5.2.1 Underplating1.5.2.2 Addition of Lead1.5.2.3 Heat Treatments1.5.2.4 Hot-Dip Tin Plating1.5.2.5 Thicker Tin Finish1.5.2.6 Conformal Coating1.5.2.7 Non-Tin Plating and Coating1.5.3 Tin Whiskers and the RoHS Initiative1.5.3.1 Lead-Free Solders1.5.3.2 “Pure” Tin Finishes1.5.4 Whisker Mitigation Levels Classification1.5.5 Whiskers on Other Metal Platings1.6 Plating on Aluminum1.6.1 Use of Aluminum in Electrical Industry1.6.1.1 Choice of Plating1.6.1.2 Difficulties with the Plating of Aluminum1.6.2 Metals Used to Plate Aluminum1.6.3 Methods for Plating on Aluminum1.6.3.1 Plating Classifications1.6.3.2 Pretreatment by Zincating1.6.3.3 Tin Plating Techniques on Al1.6.4 Quality of Tin Plating on Al for Different Plating Techniques1.6.4.1 Adhesion Test1.6.4.2 Thermal Shock Test1.6.4.3 Plating Techniques and Adhesion of Tin Plating on Al1.6.4.4 Plating Techniques and the Quality of Tin Plating on Al1.7 Plating Standards and Glossary1.7.1 National and International Standards and Regulations on Plating1.8 Plating GlossaryReferences
Chapter 2 Detrimental Processes and Aging of Plating
2.1 Issues of Tin Plating Performance2.1.1 General Precautions in Using Tin Plating2.1.1.1 Tin and Fretting Corrosion2.1.1.2 Tin and Intermetallic Compounds2.1.2 Thermal Deterioration of Tin Plating on Aluminum2.1.2.1 Accelerated Aging Study of Tin Plating2.1.2.2 Quality of Thermally Aged Tin Plating2.1.2.3 Mechanisms of Thermal Deterioration of Tin Plating on Al2.1.2.4 Tin Plating on Aluminum as a Possible Cause of Connection Overheating2.1.3 Tin Pest2.1.3.1 Definition of Tin Pest2.1.3.2 Effects of Alloying Elements and the Environment on Tin Pest2.1.3.3 Example of Tin Pest Failure in Electrical Connectors2.1.3.4 Impact of RoHS on Possible Tin Pest Failures2.2 Use of Underplating for Plating Longevity2.2.1 Mitigating Role of Underplating2.2.2 Advantages of Nickel as Underplating2.2.2.1 Ni Underplating Provides a Diffusion Barrier2.2.2.2 Ni Underplating Prevents the Formation of Intermetallics2.2.2.3 Ni Underplating Improves Wear Resistance2.2.2.4 Ni Underplating Increases Corrosion Resistance2.2.2.5 Other Advantages of Ni Underplating2.2.3 Recommended Thickness of Nickel Underplating2.3 Applications of Ni Underplating2.3.1 Use of Ni Underplating for Tin Plating on Copper2.3.1.1 The Formation of Ni–Sn Intermetallics2.3.2 Nickel Underplating as a Tin Whisker Mitigation Technique2.3.3 Ni Underplating for Tin Plating on Aluminum2.3.3.1 Plating, Sample Preparation, and Testing Techniques2.3.3.2 Quality of the Plating and Interfaces2.3.3.3 Formation of Ni–Sn Intermetallics2.3.3.4 Comparison of Aging Behavior of Sn Plating with Ni, Bronze, or Cu Underlayer2.3.4 Ni Underplating for Gold Plating2.4 Galvanic Corrosion: Connections Made of Dissimilar Metals2.4.1 Hazard: Galvanic Corrosion2.4.2 Definition of Dissimilar Metals2.4.3 Galvanic Corrosion of Copper-to-Aluminum Connections2.4.4 Protection of Copper-to-Aluminum Connections from Galvanic Corrosion2.4.4.1 Plated Aluminum Connections2.4.4.2 Fasteners2.4.4.3 Corrosion Protective Compound for Copper-to-Aluminum Connections2.4.5 Galvanic Corrosion in Steel Connections with Aluminum and Other Metals2.4.6 General Precautions to Minimize Galvanic Corrosion in Connections2.5 Other Detrimental Processes Affecting Plating Performance2.5.1 Intermetallic Compounds2.5.1.1 Copper–Tin Intermetallic Compounds2.5.1.2 Effects of Temperature and Time on the Formation of Cu-Sn IMC2.5.1.3 Resistance of the Contacts with Tin Coating2.5.2 Fretting Corrosion and a Means of Protection2.5.2.1 Fretting Corrosion of Electrical ContactsReferences

Chapter 3 Electrical Equipment in a Corrosive Environment
3.1 Corrosion Factors in the Atmosphere3.1.1 Types of Corrosive Atmospheres3.1.1.1 Indoor Atmosphere3.1.1.2 Rural Atmosphere3.1.1.3 Marine Atmosphere3.1.1.4 Industrial Atmosphere3.1.2 Factors Affecting Atmospheric Corrosion3.1.2.1 Relative Humidity3.1.2.2 Temperature3.1.2.3 Deposition of Aerosol Particles3.1.2.4 Pollutants, Corrosive Gases3.1.3 Airborne Contamination in Data Centers3.1.4 Zinc Whiskers3.2 Effect of Environment on Bare Metals3.2.1 Iron and Steel in Enclosures, Frames, Rails, and so Forth3.2.2 Copper and Copper Alloys: Parts of the Conductive Path3.2.3 Nickel and Nickel Alloys: Electrical Contacts and Plating3.2.4 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys in Electrical Applications3.3 Atmospheric Corrosion of Silver Plating3.3.1 Silver Plating Corrosion and Tarnish3.3.1.1 Sulfuric Corrosion3.3.1.2 Silver Tarnish3.3.1.3 Silver Whiskers3.3.2 Red-Plaque Corrosion3.3.3 Underplating Corrosion3.3.4 Effect of Silver Plating Thickness and Quality on Sulfuric Corrosion3.3.5 Corrosion of a Copper Bus with Flash Silver Plating3.4 Effect of Silver Corrosion on Contact Resistance3.4.1 Silver Tarnish and Contact Electrical Resistance3.4.1.1 Thickness of Silver Tarnish3.4.1.2 Effect of the Current Load and Mechanical Load on the Corroded Contact Resistance3.4.2 Techniques of Tarnish Cleaning3.5 Silver Whiskers: A Mysterious and Dangerous Phenomenon3.5.1 History of Silver Whiskers3.5.2 Factors That Affect the Growth of Silver Whiskers3.5.2.1 Environmental Factors3.5.2.2 Plating Factors3.5.3 Failures in Electrical Equipment Caused by Silver Whiskers3.5.4 Study of the Silver Whisker Phenomenon3.5.4.1 Visual Appearance of the Whiskers3.5.4.2 Morphology3.5.4.3 Chemical Composition3.5.4.4 Chemical Composition of the Whisker Cross Section3.5.5 Silver Whiskers Puzzle3.5.5.1 What Do We Know?3.5.5.2 What Do We Not Know or Understand?3.5.5.3 Questions Not Answered Yet3.5.5.4 Native Silver Wires3.6 Tin Plating Corrosion3.6.1 Tin Oxidation3.6.2 Reaction of Tin with Other Gases3.7 Zinc Plating Corrosion and Galvanized Steel3.7.1 Atmospheric Corrosion of Zn3.7.2 White Rust on Zinc3.7.3 Galvanized Steel3.7.4 Signs of Galvanized Steel Corrosion3.7.4.1 Rusting3.7.4.2 Pitting Corrosion3.7.5 Factors Affecting Galvanized Steel Corrosion3.7.5.1 The Environment3.7.5.2 Thickness of Zinc Plating3.7.6 Corrosion of Galvanized Steel in Circuit Breaker3.8 Means of Corrosion Protection of Electrical Equipment3.8.1 Protective Coatings for Conductive Parts, Enclosures, and Frames3.8.1.1 Metallic Coatings for Conductive Parts and Enclosures3.8.1.2 Polymeric Coatings and Paints for Enclosures and Frames3.8.2 Means of Protection from Silver Corrosion3.8.2.1 Silver Protection from Corrosion3.8.2.2 Silver Plating Thickness3.8.2.3 Alternate Plating3.8.3 Conversion Treatment3.8.4 Chromium-Free Varnish-Preventative Processes3.8.5 Means of Preventing the Corrosion of Zinc-Plated Steel Parts in Electrical Equipment3.8.6 Vaporized Corrosion Inhibitors3.8.7 Lubrication3.9 Means of Environmental Control for Corrosion Protection3.9.1 Assessment of Electrical and Electronic Equipment Exposure to Corrosive Environment3.9.2 Air Quality Monitoring3.9.3 Direct Gas Monitoring3.9.4 Corrosion Control Technology3.9.5 Chemical and Particulate Filtration3.9.6 Temperature Control3.10 Corrosion GlossaryReferences
Chapter 4 Lubrication of Distribution Electrical Equipment
4.1 Lubrication Primer4.1.1 Purpose of Lubrication4.1.2 Lubrication Terminology4.1.3 Types of Lubricating Materials4.1.3.1 Oil4.1.3.2 Synthetic Oils4.1.3.3 Grease4.1.3.4 Synthetic Lubricants4.1.3.5 Solid Lubricants4.1.3.6 Silicones4.1.4 Grease Composition and Properties4.1.4.1 Properties of Greases with Different Types of Thickeners4.1.4.2 Additives4.2 Incompatibility of Lubricants4.2.1 Definition of Incompatibility4.2.2 Causes of Incompatibility4.2.2.1 Base Oils4.2.2.2 Thickeners4.2.2.3 Additives4.3 Lubricant Working Temperature Limits and Storage4.3.1 Lubricant Working Temperature4.3.1.1 Temperature Limits4.3.1.2 Maximum Temperature4.3.1.3 Minimum Temperature4.3.2 Lubricant Storage Conditions and Shelf Life4.4 Lubrication of Electrical Contacts4.4.1 Principles of Contact Lubrication4.4.2 Choice of Lubricants Based on Design and Contact/Plating Materials4.4.3 Lubrication as Protection from Fretting Corrosion, Mechanical Wear, and Friction4.4.4 Lubrication as Protection from Corrosion4.4.5 Durability of Lubricants4.5 Practical Lubrication4.5.1 Periodic Lubrication Maintenance of Electrical Power Equipment4.5.1.1 Cleaning4.5.1.2 Penetrating Oil4.5.1.3 Lubrication in Field4.5.1.4 Troubleshooting Lubrication4.5.2 General Lubrication Recommendations for Electrical Equipment4.5.2.1 Choice of Lubricants4.5.2.2 OEM Specifications4.5.2.3 Change of Lubrication Product4.5.2.4 Lubrication of Electrical Contacts4.5.2.5 Application of Lubricants4.6 Lubrication Failure Modes4.6.1 Causes of Lubrication Failure4.6.2 Wrong Lubricant for Application4.6.3 Thermal Limitations4.6.4 Lubricant Composition and Wrong Amount of Lubricant4.6.5 Contaminants or Corrosives in the Lubricant4.6.6 Environmental Factors Causing Grease Deterioration4.6.7 Lubricants’ Incompatibility4.7 Lubrication Failures of Electrical Equipment: Case Studies4.7.1 CB Failures Caused by Lubrication at U.S. Commercial Nuclear Power Plants4.7.2 Overheating of the MV Switch4.8 Informational Sources for Lubricants4.9 Lubrication GlossaryReferences
Chapter 5 Insulation, Coatings, and Adhesives in Transmission and Distribution Electrical Equipment
5.1 Insulating Materials in Power Equipment5.1.1 Insulating Materials Used in the Electrical Industry5.1.2 Thermal Limitation for Electrical Insulation5.1.3 Thermal Degradation of Insulators5.1.4 Temperature Limitations for Switchgear Assembly Based on Insulation Class5.2 Aging of Insulating Materials due to Electrical Stress5.2.1 Electrical Breakdown in Insulation5.2.2 Corona5.2.2.1 Destructive Nature of Corona5.2.2.2 Corona Tracking5.2.2.3 Corona in Switchgear5.2.3 Partial Discharge5.2.3.1 Partial Discharge in Switchgear5.2.3.2 Partial Discharge in Paper-Insulated HV Cables5.3 Environmental Aging of Insulating Materials5.3.1 Insulation Deterioration under Environmental Conditions5.3.2 Biological Contamination and Corrosion of Insulators5.3.3 Environmental Aging of Insulators in Transmission Lines5.3.4 Stress Corrosion Cracking in Composite Insulators5.4 HV Bushings in Transformers and CBs5.4.1 Types of Bushings5.4.2 Bushings: Possible Causes of Failures5.5 Power Cable Insulation5.5.1 Cable Insulation Types5.5.2 Aging of Cable Insulating Materials5.5.2.1 XLPE Cable Insulation Degradation5.5.2.2 Electrical and Water Treeing5.6 Other Insulating Media5.6.1 Insulating Oil5.6.1.1 Transformer Oil5.6.1.2 Oil Switches and CBs5.6.1.3 Aging of Transformer Oil5.6.1.4 Thermal and Electrical Faults of Transformer Oil5.6.2 Sulfur Hexaflouride (SF6) as Insulating and Cooling Media5.6.2.1 Insulating Properties and Decomposition of SF65.6.2.2 SF6 as a Greenhouse Gas5.6.3 Air and Vacuum as Insulating Media5.7 Powder Coating and Paint for Electrical Enclosures5.7.1 Electrical Enclosures: Types and Materials5.7.2 Powder Coating/Paint Used for Enclosures5.7.2.1 Criteria for Paint Type Selection5.7.2.2 Techniques of Applying a Powder Coating/Paint to Metal Panels5.7.3 Defects and Failures of Powder Coatings and Paints5.7.4 HV RTV Coating5.7.4.1 Aging of RTV Insulation5.7.4.2 The Role of Fillers in RTV Coatings5.8 Electrical Insulation Standards and Glossary5.8.1 National and International Standards and Regulations on Insulation5.8.1.1 North American Standards for Solid Insulation5.8.1.2 International Standards for Solid Insulation5.8.1.3 National and International Standards for Transformer Oil5.8.1.4 National Standards for Paints and Coatings for Steel5.8.2 Insulation Glossary5.8.2.1 Solid Insulation Glossary5.8.2.2 Insulating Oil GlossaryReferences
Chapter 6 Electrical Equipment Life Expectancy, Aging, and Failures
6.1 Life Expectancy for Distribution and Transmission Equipment6.1.1 Estimation of Electrical Equipment Lifetime6.1.2 Overloading and Estimated Life of Electrical Equipment6.1.2.1 Circuit Breakers6.1.2.2 Transformers6.1.2.3 Conductors6.1.2.4 Underground Transmission6.1.3 Temperature and Estimated Life of Electrical Equipment6.2 Signatures of Aging of Electrical Equipment in Nuclear, Industrial, and Residential Environments6.2.1 Aging Factors6.2.2 Aging Equipment in an Industrial Environment6.2.2.1 Nuclear Facilities6.2.2.2 Aviation6.2.2.3 Chemical and Oil Refining Industries6.2.3 Aging Equipment in Power Generation and Transmission and Distribution6.2.3.1 Overhead Power Transmission6.2.3.2 Power Plant6.2.4 Aging Power Equipment in a Residential Environment6.2.4.1 Aging of Conductors6.2.4.2 Aging of Insulation6.2.5 Aging Electrical Equipment in Rural/Agricultural Applications6.3 Failure Modes and Failure Rates of Aging Electrical Equipment6.3.1 Definitions of Failure, Failure Mode, and Failure Rate of Electrical Equipment6.3.2 The Bath Tub Curve, the Hypothetical Failure Rate vs. Time6.3.3 Failure Causes of CBs6.3.3.1 LV and MV CB Failure Causes6.3.3.2 Failures of Circuit Breakers According to the IEEE Gold Book6.3.4 Failure Causes and Failure Rates of Power Transformers6.3.4.1 MV and LV Power Transformers6.3.4.2 HV Power Transformers6.3.5 Failure Causes of MV Switchgear6.3.6 Failure Causes of Other MV and LV Power Electrical Equipment6.3.7 Failure Causes of Power Connectors6.3.7.1 Aluminum Connectors6.3.7.2 Corrosion6.3.7.3 Contact Fretting6.3.7.4 Stress Relaxation6.3.8 Inadequate Maintenance and Maintenance Quality as a Cause of Failure6.4 Failure Causes and Rates of Electrical Equipment Based on CIGRÉ Survey6.4.1 Results of the Older CIGRÉ Surveys of HV CB Failures6.4.1.1 Main Results of the First Survey6.4.1.2 Maintenance Aspects6.4.1.3 Mechanical Aspects6.4.2 Failure Causes of GIS6.4.2.1 Older CIGRÉ Surveys6.4.2.2 Major GIS Failure Modes6.4.2.3 Age of CIS and Major Failure Mode Distribution6.4.2.4 Location, Origin, and Environmental Contribution in GIS Major Failure6.4.2.5 Component and Voltage Class of CIS6.4.2.6 Age of GIS Components6.4.2.7 Service Conditions of Major Failure Discovery6.4.2.8 Time of MF Cause Introduced6.4.2.9 Age of the CIS and Primary Cause of the Failure6.4.2.10 Failure Rates of GIS Components6.4.3 Failure Causes of SF6 CBs6.4.4 Failure Causes of Disconnectors and Earthing Switches6.5 Failure Cases of High-Voltage Electrical Equipment6.5.1 Failures of HV Bushings6.5.2 Failures of HV Transformers6.5.2.1 Case: Failure of Winding Insulation and Bushing6.5.3 Failure Mechanisms of HV Transformers and Bushings6.5.4 Failures of HV CBs6.5.4.1 Case 1: Failure of Mechanical Linkage6.5.4.2 Case 2: Trapped Water in Internal Bolt Holes6.5.4.3 Case 3: Contact Jamming or Mechanism Failure6.6 Failure Cases of Low- and Medium-Voltage Electrical Equipment6.6.1 Bushing Failures in MV Switchgear6.6.2 Case Studies of MV Switchgear Failures6.6.2.1 Case 1: Component Defect6.6.2.2 Case 2: Arcing, Design Errors6.6.2.3 Case 3: Flashover, Water Condensation6.6.2.4 Case 4: Overheating6.6.3 Metal-Clad Switchgear Failures6.6.3.1 Case 1: Failure of the 25-Year- Old Circuit Breaker, and Lack of Maintenance6.6.3.2 Case 2: Insulator Failure6.6.4 Failure of MV Power Cables6.6.5 LV Switchboard FailureReferences
Chapter 7 Physical Conditions of Electrical Equipment: Testing, Monitoring, and Diagnostics
7.1 Parameters Defining the Physical Conditions of Electrical Equipment7.1.1 Transformers7.1.2 HV Bushings7.1.3 Circuit Breakers7.1.4 Switchgear7.1.5 Power Cables7.2 Techniques for Testing Physical Conditions of MV Cables7.2.1 Comparison of MV Cable Testing Techniques7.2.2 High Potential Withstand Test7.2.2.1 DC HIPOT Test7.2.2.2 Very Low-Frequency HIPOT Test7.2.2.3 AC Power Frequency HIPOT7.2.3 PD Diagnostics7.2.4 Choice of MV Cable Diagnostics7.3 Testing Techniques to Assess Insulation Conditions of HV/MV Switchgear, CBs, and Transformers7.3.1 Insulation Condition: PD Testing7.3.1.1 PD Mechanism and Effect on Insulation7.3.1.2 Ultrasonic Detection of PD7.3.1.3 PD Detection Using Transient Earth Voltages7.3.2 Diagnostics of Oil Condition7.3.2.1 Dissolved Gases in Oil7.3.2.2 Water, Acids, and Furans in Oil7.3.2.3 Power Factor of Transformer Oil7.3.2.4 Techniques of Oil Diagnostics7.3.2.5 Online Monitoring of Transformer Oil Conditions7.4 Online Monitoring Techniques for PD of MV Substations, Switchgear, and Cables7.4.1 PD Detection in Substations, Switchgear, and Cables7.4.2 Monitoring PDs with Fiber-Optic Technology7.5 Testing of HV Bushing Conditions7.6 Thermal Conditions of Electrical Equipment and Temperature Monitoring7.6.1 Temperature Measurement Using Thermography7.6.2 Continuous Temperature Measurement7.6.2.1 IR Noncontact Temperature Sensors7.6.2.2 Electronic Temperature Sensors7.6.3 Fiber-Optic Technology for Temperature Measurement7.6.3.1 Optical Fiber Sensing Probe7.6.3.2 Distributed Fiber-Optic Temperature Sensing7.6.4 Winding Temperature Monitoring of HV Transformers with the Fiber-Optic Technique7.6.5 Wireless Temperature Monitoring7.6.5.1 Structure, Benefits, and Problems of Wireless Temperature-Monitoring Systems7.6.5.2 Thermal Diagnostics7.6.5.3 Wireless Temperature Sensors: Power Source7.6.5.4 Wireless Temperature Monitoring Techniques7.6.5.5 Wireless Temperature Monitoring with SAW Sensors7.7 Physical Conditions of Transmission Electrical Equipment: Online Monitoring Techniques7.7.1 Condition Monitoring Technologies in Electrical Transmission7.7.2 Overhead Transmission Lines7.7.3 Properties of Transmission Overhead Lines to Monitor, Sensing Elements and Monitoring Techniques7.7.3.1 Conductor Sag Measurements7.7.3.2 Conductor Temperature Measurements7.7.3.3 Combined Monitoring SolutionsReferences
Chapter 8 Electrical Equipment Maintenance and Life Extension Techniques
8.1 Maintenance Strategies8.2 Maintenance as a Life Extension Technique8.2.1 Time-Based Maintenance8.2.2 Maintenance of Power Circuit Breakers8.2.2.1 Molded Case Circuit Breakers8.2.2.2 Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers8.2.2.3 Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers8.2.2.4 High-Voltage Circuit Breakers8.2.2.5 SF6 Gas Circuit Breakers8.2.3 Periodic Lubrication of the Power Circuit Breaker8.2.4 Refurbishment or Reconditioning8.2.5 Condition-Based Maintenance8.2.5.1 High-Voltage Switchgear8.2.5.2 MV Switchgear8.3 CBM Methodology and Life Management8.3.1 Distribution Power Transformers8.3.1.1 Level 1 Diagnostic Techniques8.3.1.2 Level 2 Diagnostic Techniques8.3.1.3 Level 3 Diagnostic Techniques8.3.1.4 Transformer Health Index8.3.2 Power Cable Systems8.3.2.1 Cable Deterioration Diagnostics8.3.2.2 CBM and Life Extension of Power Cables8.4 Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Exposed to Corrosion and Water8.4.1 Water-Damaged Electrical Equipment8.4.2 Electrical Equipment in Nuclear IndustryReferences
Index

Overview

A reference manual for engineering, maintenance, and training personnel, this book explains the causes of equipment deterioration and what you can do to reduce it. It shows you how to identify the signs of aging and outlines techniques for protecting transmission and distribution equipment from deterioration and damage. Combining research and engineering material with maintenance recommendations given in layperson’s terms, this is a useful reference for readers from a range of backgrounds. It offers practical guidance on slowing down the aging of electrical systems, improving their performance, and extending their life.

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