Abstract:4.1 Small molecule binding4.2 Supramolecular structures4.3 Electrochemical biosensor for clinical diagnostics4.4 Challenges of carbohydrate sensing4.5 Bioreceptors for carbohydrate sensing4.6 Enzymes that act on carbohydrates4.7 Impedimetric glucose biosensors4.8 Impedimetric bacterial and viral immunosensors4.9 Impedance and pathogens4.10 Bioreceptors used in impedimetric pathogenic biosensor construction4.11 Detection of exposure to infection4.12 Conclusion