
Chapter 11
Topology: How Are
Objects Connected?
Niloy J. Mitra
Topology, in simple terms, gives us a tool to study and understand
how an object is connected. Unlike differential geometric quanti-
ties, topology of an object changes only under extreme changes—
when we allow tearing of the object, or punching holes into it.
Hence, topological invariants are global quantities, and are more
robust compared to local geometric measures.
Figure 11.1: Given 2D and 3D shapes, we are often interested in deter-
mining the number of holes present in such shapes. While for shapes
like those on the left the answer may be clear, for complex shapes like
the one on the