
Robots have been developed for specialized
functions within warehouses, but they
often have limited agility and adaptability.
The degree of robot autonomy — that is, the ability of
robots to perform tasks independently of human super-
vision or direction — varies widely. Some robots exe-
cute simple, preprogrammed functions while others can
navigate changes in their environment and adapt their
behavior in real time. Robots with lower autonomy,
such as automated guided vehicles (AGVs), mainly run
under centralized control, on predened paths, for nav-
igation and task execution, such as transporting racks
of goods from storage ...