Antenna and Array Technologies for Future Wireless Ecosystems

2Techniques for Designing High Gain and Two‐Dimensional Beam Scanning Antennas for 5G

Raj Mittra^{1, 4}, Abdelkhalek Nasri¹, Ravi K. Arya², Prashant Chaudhary³, James R. Kelly⁵, Shaker Alkaraki⁵, and Alejandro L. Borja⁶

¹University of Central Florida, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA

²XSL, Zhongshan Institute of CUST, China

³University of Delhi South Campus, Department of Electronic Science, New Delhi, 110021, India

⁴King Abdulaziz University, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

⁵Queen Mary University of London, School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, London, E1 4NS, UK

⁶Universidad de Castilla‐La Mancha, Departamento de Ingeniería eléctrica, electrónica, automática y comunicaciones, Escuela de Ingenieros Industriales de Albacete, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain

2.1 Introduction

Typically, an antenna with a gain level of 30 dBi or higher is frequently desired for a wide variety of communication applications including those associated with 5G and beyond 5G wireless technologies. The gain level of an antenna is determined by its aperture size, and this level can be predicted theoretically under the assumption that both the amplitude and phase distributions in this aperture are uniform. How to excite this aperture in order to realize the theoretical gain is not obvious, and various strategies for meeting this goal have been proposed in the literature. The simplest ...