3.1 AC Fundamentals3.1.1 Introduction3.1.2 Generation of Alternating Voltage in an Elementary Generator3.1.3 Concept of Frequency, Cycle, Time Period, Instantaneous Value, Average Value, and Maximum Value3.1.4 Sinusoidal and Non-sinusoidal Wave Forms3.1.5 Concept of Average Value and Root Mean Square (RMS) Value of an Alternating Quantity3.1.6 Analytical Method of Calculation of RMS Value, Average Value, and Form Factor3.1.7 RMS and Average Values of Half-wave-rectified Alternating Quantity3.1.8 Concept of Phase and Phase Difference3.2 Single-phase AC Circuits3.2.1 Behaviour of R, L, and C in AC Circuits3.2.2 L–R Series Circuit3.2.3 Apparent Power, Real Power, and Reactive Power3.2.4 Power in an AC Circuit3.2.5 R–C Series Circuit3.2.6 R–L–C Series Circuit3.2.7 AC Parallel Circuits3.2.8 AC Series—Parallel Circuits3.3 Resonance in AC Circuits3.3.1 Resonance in AC Series Circuit3.3.2 Resonance in AC Parallel Circuits